现在完成时
一、现在完成时的构成
have/has + V过去分词
二、现在完成时的定义
现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，持续到现在，还有可能持续下去; 对现在造成的影响或结果。
例: ① I have been a soldier for three years. 我参军三年了。
② I have lost my pen, so I have to buy one.我丢了钢笔，所以得去买一枝。
三、现在完成时的用法
(1) 表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。例如：
I haven’t seen her for four years. 我有四年没见到她了。
He has taught here since 1981. 他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续）
练习：用 since或 for填空。
①We have learned five lessons since the beginning of this term.
②Tom has been in hospital since last week.
③I have stayed at my aunt’s home for two weeks.
(2) 表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被already、yet 等副词修饰，通常译为“已经”。例如：
— Have you had lunch yet 你（已经）吃午饭了吗？
— Yes, I have. I’ve already had it. 是的，吃过了。我已经吃过。（现在不饿了）
练习：用动词的适当形式填空
用 already或 yet填空。
①Have they taken down the old pictures yet No, not yet.
②Most of us have already finished reading the book.
③He hasn’t visited the park yet.
(3) 表示说话前发生过一次，多次或从未发生的动作，一般译为“过”，常带有twice, ever, never, three times等时间状语。例如：
I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京两次。
I have never been to Beijing.我从未去过北京。
练习：用所给词的适当形式填空
1.Have you ever been (be) to the water park
2.I have been (be) to Shanghai twice.
3.Tom has been (be) to Beijing bofore.
四、现在完成时的标志词
(1) for, since, just, so far, recently, in the past few years, up to now (时间类)
(2)already, yet(已经类)
(3) once, twice, three times, ever, never, before (次数类)
练习
1. She’s lived (live) here since she was ten.
2. Both of them have been(be) in Hong Kong for ten days.
3. Half an hour has passed (pass) since the train left (leave).
4. Have you found (find) your watch yet
5. All of my classmates aren’t in classroom. Maybe they have gone (go) to the library.
五、have been to; have gone to; have been in的区别
have been to：曾去过某地，现已回来了，后面可接表示“次数”的状语;
have gone to：到某地去了或在途中，还没有返回，说话时该人不在现场;
have been in：表示某人“已在某地停留一段时间，现仍在那里”，其后常
带表示一段时间的状语。 例如：
Jack has been to Shanghai twice. 杰克去过上海两次了。
Tom isn't here. He has gone to Qingdao. Tom不在这。他去青岛了。
I have been in Beijing for 5 years. 我在北京待了5年了。
练习：用have been to, have been in, have gone to及go的各种形式填空。
1. — Where is Jack
— He has gone to his country.
2. John has been in England since he came back.
3. How long have you been in this village
4. The Smiths have been in Beijing for years.
5. — Have you ever been to America
— Yes, I have been there many times.
6. I have been in this school since three years ago.
7. — Would you like to go the zoo with me
— Yes, but I have been there before.
七、V过去分词的变化规则
(1) 规则变化
情况 变形 示例
一般情况 直接加ed work-worked, visit-visited
以不发音字母e结尾 加d live-lived, use-used
辅音加y结尾 改y为i，再加ed study-studied, carry-carried
一个元音加一个辅音 双写辅音，再加ed stop-stopped, plan-planned
不规则变化
原形 过去式 过去分词
AAA型 cut put let set hit cost hurt read cut put let set hit cost hurt read cut put let set hit cost hurt read
AAB型 beat beat beaten
ABA型 come become run came became ran come became run
ABB型 have get tell make lose feel find keep build bring buy teach think catch had got told made lost felt found kept built brought bought taught thought caught had got told made lost felt found kept built brought bought taught thought caught
ABC 型 be go see give take know swim write break forget drive begin blow was/were went saw gave took knew swam wrote broke forgot drove began blew been gone seen given taken known swum written broken forgotten driven begun blown
练习: 写出下列动词的过去式和过去分词
want---wanted---wanted
keep---kept---kept
study---studied---studied
become---became---become
finish---finished---finished
go---went---gone
join---joined---joined
buy---bought---bought
cut---cut---cut
think---thought---thought
现在完成时的相关句式
have has
主语 第一/二人称单数/复数 第三人称单数
肯定句 They have already read this book. He has already finished his homework.
否定句 They haven’t read this book yet. He hasn't finished his homework yet.
一般疑问句 Have they read this book yet Has he finished his homework yet
一般疑问句的回复 Yes, they have. / No, they haven’t. Yes, he has. / No, he hasn't.
练习: 句型转换
题1 I have been there for two years.
否定句：I haven’t been there for two years.
一般疑问句：Have you been there for two years
肯定回答：Yes, I have.
否定回答：No, I haven’t.
题2 My father has lived here since 2000.
否定句：My father hasn’t lived here since 2000.
疑问句：Has your father lived here since 2000
肯定回答：Yes, he has.
否定回答：No, he hasn’t.
八、延续性动词和非延续性动词
1.延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。
2.非延续性动词也称终止性动词/瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。
在完成时中，一个瞬间动词不能直接与表示一段时间的状语(for, since等)连用。此时须将该瞬间动词改为延续性动词或状态动词：
瞬间动词 延续性动词
buy (bought) have had 买
borrow (borrowed) have kept 借
die (died) have been dead 死
leave (left) have been away ( from ) 离开
begin (began), start (started) have been on 开始
join (joined) have been in 参加
go (went) have been there / in 去
come/arrive/reach/get to have been here / in 来/达
end (ended) have been over 结束
例：The film began five minutes ago.
The film has been on for five minutes.
It has been five minutes since the film began.
①用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词
1. “be＋married” 代替marry
2. “be＋ill” 代替fall (get) ill
3. “be＋dead” 代替die
4. “be＋asleep” 代替fall (get) asleep
5. “be＋awake” 代替wake/wake up
6. “be＋gone” 代替lose, die, sell, leave
7. “be＋open” 代替open
8. “be closed” 代替close/shut
②用“be＋副词”代终止性动词
1. “be＋up” 代替get up
2. “be＋back (to)” 代替return to, come back to, go back to
3. “be here (there)” 代替come (arrive, reach, get) here或go (arrive, reach, get) there等等
③用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词
1.”be in/at +地点” 代替go to /come to
2.”用be in the army” 代替join the army
3.”be in/at +地点” 代替move to
练习: 单选题
（C） 1. Li Hong has ______ the army for 2 years.
A. joined B. be in C. been in D. joined in
（B） 2. Mike ___________ the story for a month.
A. has bought B. has had
C. had had D. has borrowed
（B） 3. Mr. Black _________Chinasince the summer of 1998.
A. has been to B. has been in
C. has come to D. came to
（B） 4. His father _______ for years.
A. has died B. has been dead C. died D. dies
八、现在完成时与一般过去时的比较
1) 一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作; 现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
I saw this film yesterday. 我昨天看了这部电影。（强调看的动作发生过了。）
I have seen this film. 我看过这部电影了。（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
2) 一般过去时常与具体的表示过去的时间状语连用; 现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语：
yesterday; last week; ; ago; in1990; in October; just now ;
现在完成时的时间状语：
already; ever; for; just; never; since; yet; so far; till/until;
up to now; in the past few years; recently;
3) 现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如：live; teach; learn; work; study; know等; 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become等。
She joined the League three years ago.
她三年前入团了。 (加入的动作不是延续的)
She has been in the League for three years (since three years ago).
她入团三年了。(在团内的状态，可延续)
She has been a League member for three years (since three years ago).
她入团三年了。(是团员的状态，可持续)
当句首为疑问词when时，其后可用一般过去时，不能用现在完成时。
如：你什么时候和他首次见面的
误：When have you first met him
正：When did you first meet him
练习：一.单项选择
（D） 1. ---He ____to draw horses already.
---When ______ he learn
--- Last year.
A. learned; has B. learned; did
has learned; has D. has learned; did
（C） 2.---____ you _____ the text yet
---Yes, we ____ it two hours ago.
A. Did; copy; did B. Have; copied; have
C. Have; copied; did D. Did ; copy; had
（A） 3. ______you __________ the film before Where _____ you ____ it
A. Have ; seen; did; see B. Did ; see; did; watch
C. Have; seen; have; seen D. Did ; see; have; seen
（D ）4.You ____ me waiting for two hours. I ____ for you since five.
A. kept; waited B. have kept; waited
C. kept; have waited D. have kept; have waited
（C） 5. I _______ the way. I ________ here for quite many years.
A. knew; have lived B. knew; live
C.know; have lived D. know; live
（C） 6. _____ you ever _____ America
A. Have; gone to B. Have; gone in
C. Have; been to D. Have ; been in
（D） 7.He ______ the Army in 1989. He ______ in the army since then.
A. joined; is B. has joined; has been
C. had joined; is D. joined; has been
（C） 8. ---I __________ the film “Titanic” already.
---When __________ you __________ it？
---The day before yesterday.
A. saw; have; seen B. have seen; will; see
C. have seen; did; see D. saw; did; seen
（B） 9. Mr Black __________ in China since five years ago.
A. lived B. has lived C. lives D. is going to live
（B） 10. We ____ trees last Sunday. So far we ____ over 3,000 trees there.
A. planted; planted B. planted; have planted
C. have planted; planted D. have planted; have planted
二.用go的适当形式填空
1. — When did he go
— He went an hour ago.
2. — Where did you go just now
— I went to the zoo.
3. He often goes swimming.
4. Did you go there last year
5. Do they often go skating in winter
小结练习
一、句子翻译
1. ---你读过这本书了吗？
---Have you read this book yet
---是的，我读过了。
---Yes, I have.
---你什么时候读的？
---When did you read it
---我去年读的。
---I read it last year.
2. ---你爸爸在这家公司（company) 工作多久了？
---How long has your father worked in this company
---我爸爸在这家公司工作了12年了。
---My father has worked in this company for 12 years.
3. 我爸爸自从2014年开始就在这家公司工作。
My father has worked in this company since 2014.
二、选择题
（C ） 1. Have you ever____to Shanghai
A. be B. are C. been D. is
（D ） 2. ----Have you been to Hangzhou
----No, I ____.
A. has B. have C. hasn't D. haven't
（A ） 3. Where is your sister She ________ the bank.
A. has gone to B. has been to C. goes to D. went to
（B ） 4. Lucy hasn’t been to Taiwan____, but she has ___been to Hong Kong.
A. already, yet B. yet, already C. already, already D. yet, yet
（C ） 5. Have you met Mr. Wang ___
A. just B. ago C. before D. a moment ago
（B ） 6. They _____ this concert twice already.
A. see B. have seen C. saw D. will see
（D ） 7. ----What are you going to do tomorrow
----I ___yet.
A. didn’t decide B. won’t decide C. have decided D. haven’t decided
（A ） 8. I haven’t seen the movie___.
A. yet B. ever C. already D. just
（B ） 9. We ____ the project last month, but we still have some work to do.
A. have finished B. finished C. finish D. are finishing
（B ） 10. I ________ Beijing twice. It's a fascinating city.
A. have gone to B. have been to C. went to D. am going to
（A ） 11. Lily ________ the museum. She'll be back soon.
A. has gone to B. has been to C. went to D. goes to
（B ） 12. They _____ in this city for over 5 years.
A. live B. have lived C. lived D. were living
（B ） 13. I ____the opera already.
A. saw B. have seen C. see D. will see
（A ） 14. He ____Disneyland last summer.
A. went to B. goes to C. has been to D. has gone to
（A ） 15. ---Have you ever been to Suzhou
---Yes, I’ve ____been there twice.
A. already B. never C. neither D. yet
三、用所给单词的适当形式填空。
1.Have you ever been (be) to America
2.Have you found (find) your watch yet
3.-----Are you thirsty
----No, I have just had (have) some orange.
4.I have already finished (finish) the book.
5.Both of them came (come) to Hongkong ten days ago.
6.I hasn’t finished (finish) my homework yet.
7.Cindy joined (join) the book club last week and she has read (read) four books already.
8.He bought（buy）a CD yesterday, but he hasn’t read (read) it yet.
9. I saw that movie two years ago. (ago/before)
10. I have seen that movie before. (ago/before)
四、句型转换
1. He has already finished his homework.（改为否定句）
He hasn’t finished his homework yet.
2. I have finished my homework.（改为否定句）
I haven’t finished my homework.
3.I have already been to Beijing.（改为一般疑问句并否定回答）
Have you been to Beijing yet No, I haven’t.
4. He has worked in Beijing for a year. （对划线部分提问）
How long has he worked in Beijing
