【备战2023高考英语】全国甲卷真题变式：04 阅读·社会现象类

【备战2023高考英语】全国甲卷真题变式：04 阅读·社会现象类
一、真题
（2022·全国甲卷）阅读理解
Sometime in the early
1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered
its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered tots of things that were
just sort of there-broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse
population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a
cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I
spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our
third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways-he for a
lunch break, I to explore the city.
"I'll miss these
old boats," he said as we parted.
"How do you mean "
I asked.
"Oh, they're
replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they're not so
elegant, and they're not fun to pilot. Hut that's progress, I guess."
Everywhere in Sydney
these days, change and progress are the watchwords（口号）, and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the
city's official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s,
Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings.
"Sydney is confused about itself," she said. "We can't seem to
make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It's a
conflict that we aren't getting any better at resolving（解决）.”
On the other hand,
being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this
when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. "Many people say
that we lack culture in this country," he told me. "What people forget
is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their
culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We've got a
foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young
country. It's a pretty hard combination to beat."
He is right, but I
can't help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．Sydney's striking architecture.
B．The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C．The key to Sydney's development.
D．Sydney's tourist attractions in the 1960s.
2．What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds
A．He goes to work by boat. B．He looks forward to a new life.
C．He pilots catamarans well. D．He is attached to the old ferries.
3．What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney
A．It is losing its traditions. B．It should speed up its progress.
C．It should expand its population. D．It is becoming more international.
4．Which statement will the author probably agree with
A．A city can be young and cad at the same time.
B．A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C．modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D．Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
二、变式题
（2023高三上·辽阳月考）
阅读理解
As cities around the
world try to be smart, some have become stupid instead.
So, what is a
"stupid city" It is a city that gives in to urban sprawl(扩张), with people moving from central areas to less-crowded
communities, said Mr. Nicholas You, a director of the Guangzhou Institute for
Urban Innovation in China. Such communities are heavily reliant on cars.
Another problem Mr.
You stressed is that public administration bodies in "stupid cities'' tend
to work alone, refusing to share data that could help develop solutions to
urban problems. He made the point during a discussion on urban transformation
in Asia, saying, "A real smart city is one that looks at everything as a
whole—you can't look at water issues without looking at energy."
A South Korean member,
Mr. Jong Sung Hwang, suggested that some of the biggest barriers to creating a
smart city are cultural. South Korean society is less forgiving of mistakes,
noted Mr. Jong. For example, some in Seoul tried to push for an intelligent
traffic system but were met with resistance from the police. He said, "We
have ideas, data and even money, but we could not make it happen."
India, however, is not
adopting a one-size-fits-all approach to create smart cities for its 1.3
billion people, said a member from India.
In Singapore, which
launched its Smart Nation initiative( 行 动 )
in 2014, the authorities fear that technology can worsen the divide between the
haves and the have-nots, said Dr. Limin Hee, director for research at the
Centre for Liveable Cities here. "Thankfully, many cities are considering
such issues as how to make better use of data and technology to create smart
cities," she added.
5．What can we learn about a smart city
A．It encourages urban expansion.
B．It has few people in its central areas.
C．It solves urban problems by sharing data.
D．It treats every issue as a separate unit.
6．Why is it impossible to push an intelligent traffic system in Seoul
A．People are tolerant of mistakes.
B．The police are afraid of making mistakes.
C．The government is lacking enough money.
D．The traffic system in Seoul is very advanced.
7．What problem might India face when creating smart cities
A．Its population is decreasing.
B．It has no examples to follow.
C．It fails to adopt a universally right system.
D．It lacks advanced technologies.
8．What do Singaporean authorities worry about the technology
A．The disapproval of the public.
B．More money spent than expected.
C．The development of cities being limited.
D．The increasing gap between the rich and the poor.
9．（2020高三上·胶州月考）阅读理解
According to a report by
the United Nations, 54 percent of the world's
population lives in urban areas and it predicts that by 2050, this figure will have increased to around 70 percent. But as more
and more people migrate from the countryside to the city to get better
opportunities, they can end up with
nowhere to live.
This is true in places such
as Rio de Janeiro, where migrants can't rent
or buy a home, and they end up building
their own communities and houses on unoccupied land. These are called shanty
towns—poor communities where the houses are built out of cheap materials—and
often don't have any electricity or water supply.
These are, of course, not the megacities (大城市)of the future we want to see. Some serious urban planning is
needed to make our cities of the future good, safe and modern places to live in. This involves improving the
infrastructure (基础设施), the housing conditions and also the opportunities for education
and employment.
Something urban planners
are looking at now is the creation of "smart cities". According to
John Rossant, founder and chairman of the
non-profit organization New Cities Foundation, technology is the way forward. He thinks that it's generally
accepted that "cloud computing ubiquitous internet, robust 5G networks, etc, will transform our cities." He says technology is really "a game changer" in urbanisation. It would collect large amounts of data about how a city is performing and may improve how a city functions.
This may sound like a utopian (乌托邦似的) view. For now, some big cities around the world are trying out more low—tech schemes to try and make them desirable places to live and work in. Building shared—ownership housing and improving public transport are some ways. And encouraging cycling and building bike lanes can keep the population healthy and cut down on smog. What would make your city a better place to live in
（1）What's the text mainly about
A．The city of the future. B．The increase of the population.
C．Urban construction. D．The function of smart cities.
（2）Why does the author mention Rio de Janeiro in Paragraph 2
A．To show the growth of the world population.
B．To show the problems in urbanization.
C．To show poor living conditions of the city.
D．To show financial trouble of the city.
（3）What plays an important role in the creation of smart cities
A．Technology. B．Urban planning.
C．The infrastructure of the city. D．Opportunities for education.
（4）What can we know from the last paragraph
A．High-tech plans can be easily realized.
B．Public transport is well developed in cities.
C．Shared-ownership houses make no sense.
D．Ways of low-tech are available at present.
10．（2019高三上·普陀期末）Directions:
Read the following passage. For each of them there are four choices marked A,
B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in
the passage you have just read.
Last
summer, bird-watchers confirmed the discovery of a new species of bird in
Cambodia was not an event of particular biological significance, but it was
striking for one reason in part. This species of bird was discovered not in an
unspoiled rain forest but within the limits Cambodia's capital, Phnom Penh – a
city the size of Philadelphia.
What the
researchers found was surprising in cities. The medium-sized city in the state
about 110 species of birds, over 95 percent of which would have been growing
there urbanization. Ecologically speaking, cities are different, concrete
buildings. Rather, each unique bio-profile – a kind of ecological fingerprint –
that is against the idea of an environment dead zone.
Of
course, it's also true that in the world of birds and plants, as in human
society, there is such a thing as worldwide—the city-inhabitants who feel
equally at home in San Francisco, Milan and Beijing. Four birds occur in more
than 80 percent of the cities studied, and 11 plants occurred in more than 90
percent of the cities. On the plant side, those are seemingly spread by
European settlement. In the air, it's the usual suspects: the rock pigeon and
many other birds. “They have become completely adapted to urban life,”Katti
says. “That's not much of surprise. But they don't actually dominate as much as
we think they do.” Those species—occurring in the cities across the
globe—represent only a small part of a city's natural varieties.
Not
all cities are equal protectors of native animals and plants, though. One of
the biggest predictors for a city's biodiversity is its urban design. Territory
as varied as backyards and street trees can lay important roles in greening a
city. In fact, the amount of green space is a stronger predictor of the density
of biodiversity than a city's size. A metropolis with a sizable network of
parks can contain more species per square mile than a much smaller city.
In a
world where architecture, food, language, fashion and commerce are increasingly
globalized, a city's native animals and plants can be a kind of identity. There
may be neighborhoods in London and Paris that resemble Singapore or Hong Kong.
Cities are becoming similar, but their natural environments stand completely
apart.
（1）According to the passage, what do you think of Phnom Penh, Cambodia's capital
A．It is full of various rare plants and animals.
B．Its birds' population is larger than that of San Francisco.
C．It's as big as Philadelphia in terms of area.
D．It is on an equal footing with Beijing and Milan.
（2）Which of the following statements is NOT the same as the author's idea
A．From a biological point new changes happen every day.
B．From an environmental point the daily changes aren't obvious enough.
C．Each city has different characteristics in terms of ecological development.
D．Different species of creatures are born in different cities.
（3）Some plants are found in many cities in the world, which seems to be a result of ____.
A．natural selection B．globalization
C．urban development D．colonization
（4）Which of the following might be the best title of the passage
A．What Surprising Cities! The Medium-sized City Has Various Species of Birds!
B．The Power of Plants and Animals! The Charm of All the Cities!
C．The Cities Are Concrete Jungles! Never Think about Them the Same Way Again!
D．More Species Per Square Mile! The Amount of Green Space Is a Stronger Predictor!
（2022高三上·哈尔滨月考）阅读理解
With the largest
population in the world, China has the most mouths to feed on the planet.
Consequently, food waste is a great problem in China. It is reported that more
than 6% — or 35 million kgs — of the country's total food production is lost
before reaching consumers, in the household and warehouse storage, transport
and processing sectors. With an ever-growing population, it's imperative
to deal with food waste in China.
Thankfully,
policies covering food waste have been rapidly emerging in recent years. Since
2010, the Chinese government has selected 100 cities and encouraged them to
explore alternative waste management systems. In 2016,China amended(修改) its Solid Waste Law to stop illegal dumping(倾倒) and promote recycling and reuse of waste, including food.
Restaurants will soon be charged a fee for the amount of food waste they
produce. And China is using a good food waste processing method called
anaerobic digestion, a process that transforms organic waste into biogas, which
can be used as energy, or turned into biofuel.
Moving forward,
policymakers should consider loss and waste reduction to be as important as
increasing production. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, the
current policy system of agricultural subsidisation(补贴) mainly includes price guarantees and subsidies for crops,
production materials, seeds and agricultural machinery, which leads to local
governments focusing on crop production while paying little attention to the
wastage in the supply chain. There should also be increased investment in the
construction of new warehouses and special funds for storage, transport, and
processing technologies.
If food waste were
a country, it would be the third-largest emitting(排放) country in the world, generating about 8% of total greenhouse gas
emissions. This issue is not location-specific, but an issue that affects every
living thing on the planet and should therefore be seen as an essential area to
take action in.
11．What does the underlined word "imperative" in paragraph 1 mean
A．Impractical. B．Hopeful. C．Costly. D．Urgent
12．What can we say about the anaerobic digestion method
A．It has been widely used in restaurants.
B．It is required by the Solid Waste Law.
C．It is eco-friendly to reuse food waste.
D．It has proved effective in 100 cities.
13．What is a result of the current agricultural subsidisation policy
A．Food waste in the supply chain is ignored.
B．Prices of production materials go up.
C．Investment in the supply chain increases.
D．Food waste during crop production gets serious.
14．What is the main purpose of the text
A．To promote the idea of recycling food waste.
B．To call for action against food waste.
C．To assess the consequences of food waste.
D．To discuss the reasons behind food waste.
（2022高三下·河源月考）阅读理解
More than a third of small towns in Georgia lost
population in the last year alone, highlighting the challenges of reviving
rural areas. New census (人口普查) estimates
show that Camilla
fell below 5, 000 residents. Sparks fell below 2, 000, and Milan fell to 661
residents for a
loss of 7% of its population. All three towns are in South Georgia.
"Many of the young people in these
communities graduate from high school and don't come back. They go to college, whatever,
they don't come back," said David Bridges, head of its Center for Rural Prosperity
and Innovation in Tifton.
Meanwhile, Georgia's cities are growing, having no problem drawing people from small towns and other cities. Atlanta grew more than 1% in the past year and is now nearing the half-million-resident mark.
The trend of people moving from rural to urban areas is
hardly a new one——it's
been going on
worldwide for more than a century. But continued population losses have raised
questions about
whether rural areas can do anything to reverse the tide.
Rural residents can face a number of challenges including access to good jobs, transportation and health care. Manufacturing jobs have dried up in many places, while modernization and new technology means fewer people are needed for farming. And many people are deciding to have smaller families than was typical a century ago.
"The older generation is dying, the younger generation is moving away, and because there are perceived to be fewer business opportunities, financial opportunities, etc. It's very challenging to get inbound population." Bridges said.
Demographers (人口学家) expect the shift from rural to urban to continue. But there are some bright spots in rural America still. Jackson County near Athens was recently named one of the fastest-growing counties in the nation by the Census Bureau. Amazon opened a large fulfillment center there a couple of years ago. And Young Harris, near the Georgia-North Carolina border, has grown by more than 80% since 2010.
15．What happened to the small towns mentioned in paragraph 1
A．Their sizes grew rapidly. B．Their population declined.
C．They drew more residents. D．They raised challenges to locals.
16．Which of the following best explains "reverse the tide" underlined in paragraph 4
A．People move from rural to urban areas.
B．Small towns draw people from cities.
C．Rural areas develop their economy quickly.
D．Population continue to grow in urban areas.
17．Why is David Bridges quoted
A．To offer more evidence. B．To draw a conclusion.
C．To show his contribution. D．To give part of the reasons.
18．What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A．Jackson County is the best town in the US.
B．Rural towns will keep growing to larger ones.
C．Others will follow the lead of these bright spots.
D．There can be measures to help rural towns grow.
19．（2018高三上·南通期中）阅读理解
As businesses and governments have struggled to understand the so-called millennials—born between roughly 1980 and 2000—one frequent conclusion has been that they have a unique love of cities. A deep-seated preference for night life and subways, the thinking goes, has driven the revitalization of urban cores across the U.S. over the last decade-plus.
But there's mounting evidence that millennials' love of cities was a passing fling(放纵). Millennials don't love cities any more than previous generations.
The latest argument comes from Dowell Myers, an urban planning professor at USC. As they age, says Myers, millennials' presence in cities, will "be evaporating(蒸发) through our fingers, if we don't make some plans now." That's because millennials' preference for cities will fade as they start families and become more established in their careers.
It's about more than aging, though. Demographer William Frey has been arguing for years that millennials have become stuck in cities by the 2008 downturn and the following slow recovery, with poor job prospects and declining wages making it harder for them to afford to buy homes in suburbia.
Myers, too, says observers have confused young people's presence in cities with a preference for cities. Survey data shows that more millennials would like to be living in the suburbs than actually are. But the normal career and family cycles moving young people from cities into suburban houses have become, in Myers' words, "a plugged up drain."
But unemployment has finally returned to healthy lows (though participation rates and wages are still largely stagnant), which Myers says should finally increase mobility for millennials.
Other trends among millennials, supposedly matters of lifestyle preference, have already turned out to have been driven mostly by economics. What was once deemed their broad preference for public transit may have always been a now-reversing inability to afford cars. Even decades-long trends towards marrying later have been accentuated as today's young people struggle for financial stability.
Investors are already taking the idea that millennials will return to old behavior patterns seriously, putting more money into auto manufacturers and developers. But urban lifestyles, up to and including trendy bars, aren't just hip—they're a part of what powers a city's economic engines, bringing people together to explore new ideas, create companies, and build careers.
From the 1960s to the 1990s, we saw that suburbanization(城市郊区化)also means an economic and social hollowing out for cities. Now that the economic shackles are coming off today's young city residents, cities that want to stay vibrant(充满生机的) have to figure out how to convince them—and their growing families—to stick around.
（1）Over the last decade, what is thought to have ensured the prosperity of the city
A．Fast economic development. B．Around-the-clock club services.
C．Convenient public transport. D．Well-established careers.
（2）Why are Millennials about to leave city
A．It is too expensive for them to buy apartment in cities.
B．They find it difficult for to seek a god job in cities.
C．It is easier to get married moving to the suburban.
D．They are more confident with their economic situation.
（3）What does the author mean quoting Myer's "a plugged up drain"(para 5)
A．Millennials are reluctant to leave attractive cities.
B．Millennals are stopped from moving to the suburbs.
C．Milennials are unwilling to be cut off from the suburban.
D．Millennials are afraid of another economic decline.
（4）How does the author feel about the suburbanization
A．sign of stable finance. B．A growth of health issues
C．A conflict of new ideas. D．A loss of modem life
20．（2020高三上·哈尔滨月考）阅读理解
For the past 3000 years,
when people thought of money, they thought of cash. From buying food to
settling bar bills, day-to-day dealings involved paper or clinking bits of metal.
Over the past decade, however, digital payments have taken off — tapping your
credit card on a terminal or using a smart phone has become normal. Now this
revolution is about to turn cash into an endangered species in some rich
economies. That will make the economy more efficient, but it also poses new
problems that could make the change victim.
Countries are eliminating(消除) cash at varying speeds. But the direction of travel is clear,
and in some cases the journey is nearly complete. In Sweden the number of
retail cash transactions per person has fallen by 80% in the past ten years.
Cash accounts for just 6% of purchases by value in Norway. Britain is probably
four or six years behind the Nordic countries. America is perhaps a decade
behind. Outside the rich world, cash is still king. But even there its
dominance is being weakened. In China, digital payments rose from 4% of all
payments in 2012 to 84% in 2020.
Cash is dying out because
of two forces. One is demand — younger consumers want payment systems that plug
seamlessly(无缝地) into their digital lives.
But equally important, suppliers such as banks and tech firms (in developed
markets) and telecoms companies (in emerging ones) are developing fast,
easy-to-use payment technologies from which they can pull data and pocket fees.
In general, the outlook of
a cashless economy is excellent news. Cash is inefficient. In rich countries,
minting, sorting, storing and distributing it is estimated to cost about 0.5%
of GDP. But that does not begin to capture the gains. When payments disappear,
people and shops are less fragile to theft. Governments can keep a closer eye
on fraud or illegal tax avoidance. Digitalization vastly expands the playground
of small businesses and sole traders by enabling them to sell beyond their
borders. It also creates a credit history, helping consumers borrow.
（1）What is the purpose of Paragraph 1
A．To show the background of using cash.
B．To introduce the main topic of the text.
C．To present the development of cash.
D．To explain the history of digital payments.
（2）Which of the following statement is true according to the passage
A．Sweden has already completely eliminated cash.
B．Digital payments have replaced cash in rich countries.
C．Britain develops faster than China in digital payments.
D．Both developed and developing countries are using cash less.
（3）What is Paragraph 3 mainly about
A．The ways of digital payments.
B．The effects of cash dying out.
C．The reasons for cash being endangered.
D．The importance of digital payments.
（4）What is the author's attitude towards the future of cashless economy
A．Ambiguous. B．Optimistic. C．Indifferent. D．Disapproving.
21．（2019·江苏）请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Who cares if people think wrongly that the Internet
has had more important influences than the washing machine Why does it matter
that people are more impressed by the most recent changes
It would not matter if these misjudgments
were just a matter of people's opinions. However, they have real impacts, as
they result in misguided use of scarce resources.
The fascination with the ICT (Information
and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made
some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so "yesterday"
that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in "post-industrial
society" has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector (制造业) with negative consequences for their economies.
Even more worryingly, the fascination with
the Internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community
to worry about the "digital divide" between the rich countries and
the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to
developing countries to buy computer equipment and Internet facilities. The
question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the
most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging
wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing
machines would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a
laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not
saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have
rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term
costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.
In yet another example, a fascination with
the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies
of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a
"borderless world". As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many
people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the
result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying
to turn the clock back. Believing in such a world, many governments have put an
end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital,
labour and goods, with poor results.
Understanding technological trends is very
important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the national and
the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual
level. However, our fascination with the latest, and our under valuation of
what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong
directions.
（1）Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to ________.
A．a lack of confidence in technology B．a slow progress in technology
C．a conflict of public opinions D．a waste of limited resources
（2）The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should ________.
A．take people's essential needs into account
B．make their programmes attractive to people
C．ensure that each child gets financial support
D．provide more affordable internet facilities
（3）What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations
A．Neglecting the impacts of technological advances.
B．Believing that the world has become borderless.
C．Ignoring the power of economic development.
D．Over-emphasizing the role of international communication.
（4）What can we learn from the passage
A．People should be encouraged to make more donations.
B．Traditional technology still has a place nowadays.
C．Making right career choices is crucial to personal success.
D．Economic policies should follow technological trends.
（2021高三下·九江模拟）阅读理解
"I
have slept on the Embankment (路堤), "
wrote George Orwell in 1933, adding that, despite the noise and the wet and the
cold, it was "much better than not sleeping at all". Nine decades on
and Charing Cross and the Embankment are once again full of rough sleepers, even
during the coldest days of December. It is a pattern found in much of the rich
world.
However,
it does not have to be this way. In post-war America, there was little rough
sleeping, and homelessness was falling so fast that sociologists predicted it
would soon disappear. Even today, some rich, successful cities, including Tokyo
and Munich, have few people living on the streets.
These
places offer lessons on how to reduce homelessness. One is that tough love can
sometimes work. Conservatives argue that softer policing policies in the 1970s,
including careless attitudes to public drunkenness, were in part responsible
for the rise in homelessness. The world could learn something from Greece, where
strong family networks ensure that those down on their luck find someone to
take them in. Many experts argue that it is counterproductive (事与愿违的) to give money to someone begging on the street. Better, they say, to
donate to a charity.
Yet,
most people believe tougher policies will ultimately do little if housing costs
remain high. This is the underlying reason for rising homelessness. So, the
state can do something to help. For example, more generous rent allowance might
actually save governments money in the medium term—after all, demands on
health-care services and the police would decline. Another option is for the
state to build more housing itself. In Singapore, a place where there is
practically no homelessness, 80% of residents live in government-built flats
which they buy at knock-down prices.
The
most effective reform, however, would be to make building more homes easier. The
problem of rough sleeping in Germany and Switzerland, two countries with
minimal real-house-price growth in recent decades, is less acute. Japan has
used its fair share of strong-arm policies to deal with the homeless, but then
it introduced a big urban reform in the early 2000s.
22．Why is George Orwell mentioned in paragraph 1
A．To show the rich life in Charing Cross.
B．In memory of the world-famous writer.
C．To show the condition of rough sleepers.
D．To introduce the topic of homelessness.
23．What may help reduce homelessness
A．Public drunkenness. B．Softer policing policies.
C．Lower housing costs. D．Giving beggars money.
24．Which country may have the fewest homeless people
A．Germany. B．Singapore. C．Switzerland. D．Japan.
25．What is the best title for the text
A．Ways to Reform Modern Society. B．Reasons to Cut Housing Costs.
C．How to Reduce Homelessness. D．Effects of Homelessness Rising.
答案解析部分
【答案】1．C
2．D
3．A
4．A
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；段落大意题；社会现象类；夹叙夹议
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，通过作者和悉尼人士的交流介绍了悉尼发展中面临的问题。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和段落大意三个题型的考查，是一篇社会类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
1．考查段落大意。根据第一段中的“Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. ”20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚悉尼发生了一件大事。这座城市发现了它的港口；以及“But it is the harbor that makes the city. ”但是是港口造就了城市。可知，本段主要介绍了悉尼发展的关键是港口。故选C。
2．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilot Sydney ferryboats for a living. ”30岁出头的Andrew Reynolds是个快乐的小伙子，他在悉尼担任渡轮领航员为生；第三段中的“I'll miss these old boats. ”我会想念这些旧船的；以及第五段“中的Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they're not fun to pilot. ”双体船更快，但它们不那么优雅，驾驶起来也不有趣。可知，渡轮领航员Andrew Reynolds喜欢老式渡船。故选D。
3．考查推理判断。根据倒数第三段中的“Shirley Fitzgerald, the city's official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings.”悉尼的官方历史学家Shirley Fitzgerald告诉我，在20世纪70年代奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼把很多它的过去都抛在了一边，包括许多最漂亮的建筑。可推知，Shirley Fitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，正在失去它的传统。故选A。
4．考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的“On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony.”另一方面，同时既年轻又古老也有它的魅力。当我遇到一位深思熟虑的年轻商人Anthony时，我考虑到了这一点；以及最后一段中的“He is right”他说得没错。可推知，作者赞同Anthony的观点，认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。故选A。
【答案】5．C
6．B
7．C
8．D
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；社会现象类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了"愚蠢城市"存在的问题、一些国家在创建智慧城市中遇到的阻碍以及如何创建智慧城市的方法。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
5．考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"Another problem Mr. You stressed is that public administration bodies in ‘stupid cities’tend to work alone， refusing to share data that could help develop solutions to urban problems."尤强调的另一个问题是，"愚蠢城市"的公共管理机构倾向于单干，拒绝分享有助于解决城市问题的数据；以及"A real smart city is one that looks at everything as a whole—you can't look at water issues without looking at energy."一个真正的智慧城市是一个将一切都作为整体看待的城市——你不可能不考虑能源就考虑水问题。可知，智慧城市通过共享数据来解决城市问题。故选C。
6．考查推理判断。根据第四段中的"South Korean society is less forgiving of mistakes, noted Mr. Jong."Jong指出，韩国社会对错误不那么宽容；以及"For example， some in Seoul tried to push for an intelligent traffic system but were met with resistance from the police."例如，首尔的一些人试图推动智能交通系统，但遭到了警方的抵制。可知，在首尔推广智能交通系统是不可能的，因为警察害怕犯错误。故选B。
7．考查细节理解。根据第五段"India, however, is not adopting a one-size-fits-all approach to create smart cities for its 1.3 billion people, said a member from India."然而，一位来自印度的成员表示，印度并没有采取一刀切的方法来为其13亿人口创建智能城市。可知，在创建智能城市时，印度可能面临它没有采用普遍正确的制度的问题。故选C。
8．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的"In Singapore, which launched its Smart Nation initiative( 行 动 ) in 2014, the authorities fear that technology can worsen the divide between the haves and the have-nots"新加坡于2014年启动了"智能国家"计划，当局担心科技会加剧贫富之间的差距。可知，新加坡当局担心科技会加剧贫富之间的差距。故选D。
9．【答案】（1）A
（2）B
（3）A
（4）D
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；社会现象类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了用城市化现象来说明城市未来的发展。
（1）考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“54 percent of the world's population lives in urban areas and it predicts that by 2050，this figure will have increased to around 70 percent.”世界54%的人口居住在城市地区，该组织预测，到2050年，这一数字将增加到70%左右。及全文内容可知，文章主要谈论的是城市的在未来的发展，即城市的未来。故选A。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“But as more and more people migrate from the countryside to the city to get better opportunities，they can end up with nowhere to live.”但是，随着越来越多的人从农村迁移到城市，以获得更好的机会，他们可能最终无处居住；以及第二段中的“This is true in places such as Rio de Janeiro”在里约热内卢这样的地方确实是这样。可知，第一段提出城市化现象，第二段用里约热内卢来进行举例说明，故作者在第二段中提到了里约热内卢的原因是展示城市化问题。故选B。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“technology is the way forward”技术是前进的方向；以及“He says technology is really ‘ game changer’ in urbanisation.”他表示，科技确实是城市化的“游戏规则改变者”。可知，技术在智慧城市中的创建中起着重要的作用。故选A。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“some big cities around the world are trying out more low—tech schemes to try and make them desirable places to live and work in.”目前，世界上的一些大城市正在尝试更多的低技术方案，试图使它们成为理想的居住和工作场所。可知，通过最后一段我们知道目前有许多低技术含量的方法。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
10．【答案】（1）C
（2）B
（3）D
（4）C
【知识点】主旨大意题；细节理解题；社会现象类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，虽然城市的发展看似破坏环境，但事实要复杂得多。城市的确是水泥丛林！但是不要用和以前相同的方式去想它们！
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“This species of bird was discovered not in an unspoiled rain forest but within the limits Cambodia's capital, Phnom Penh – a city the size of Philadelphia.”可知，柬埔寨的首都金边和费城城市大小一样大。故选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Ecologically speaking, cities are different, concrete buildings.”可知，就生态学的角度而言，城市并非可复制的钢筋水泥群落，城市是不断发展的，故发生着新变化，故A正确；“Rather, each unique bio-profile – a kind of ecological fingerprint – that is against the idea of an environment dead zone.”可知，每一个城市都有独特的“生物剖面”，故C正确；第四段中的“Not all cities are equal protectors of native animals and plants, though.”可知，不同的城市都有原生的动植物，故D正确。B选择项与作者的观点不同，故选B。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“On the plant side, those are seemingly spread by European settlement.”可知，这似乎是随欧洲殖民而传播的。故选D。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据第二段中的“Ecologically speaking, cities are different, concrete buildings.最后一段In a world where architecture, food, language, fashion and commerce are increasingly globalized, a city's native animals and plants can be a kind of identity.和Cities are becoming similar, but their natural environments stand completely apart.”可知，虽然城市的发展看似破坏环境，但事实要复杂得多。城市的确是水泥丛林！但是不要用与以前同样的方式去想它们！故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
【答案】11．D
12．C
13．A
14．B
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；社会现象类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中国食物浪费问题及其采取的措施，号召人们采取行动减少食物浪费。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
11．考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的“food waste is a great problem in China”食物浪费在中国是一个大问题；以及“more than 6% — or 35 million kgs — of the country's total food production is lost”损失了超过该国粮食总产量的6%，即3500万公斤。可知，食物浪费现象在中国很严重，因此解决这一问题很“紧急”。文末将食物浪费比作一个国家，并指出其是一个需要采取紧急行动的区域，因此推断选项中划线词与urgent意思相近。故选D。
12．考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“And China is using a good food waste processing method called anaerobic digestion, a process that transforms organic waste into biogas, which can be used as energy, or turned into biofuel.”中国正在使用一种叫做厌氧消化的良好的食品废物处理方法，这是一种将有机废物转化为沼气，沼气可以用作能源，也可以转化为生物燃料的过程。可知，厌氧消化法是一种很好的处理餐厨垃圾的方法，它能将有机垃圾转化为沼气用作能源，或者将沼气转化为生物燃料。可推知，厌氧消化法是一种很环保的处理餐厨垃圾的方法。故选C。
13．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“the current policy system of agricultural subsidisation (补贴) mainly includes price guarantees and subsidies for crops, production materials, seeds and agricultural machinery,which leads to local governments focusing on crop production while paying little attention to the wastage in the supply chain.”目前的农业补贴政策体系主要包括对农作物、生产材料、种子和农业机械的价格保障和补贴，导致地方政府关注作物生产，而不重视供应链的浪费。可知，现行的农业补贴政策的结构导致地方政府对供应链中的浪费问题关注较少。故选A。
14．考查推理判断。本文介绍了中国的食物浪费问题、中国应对食物浪费采取的措施以及其他解决食物浪费问题的办法；再结合最后一段中的“This issue is not location-specific, but an issue that affects every living thing on the planet and should therefore be seen as an essential area to take action in.” 食物浪费问题不是某个地方特有的问题，而是影响地球上每个生物的问题，因此必须采取紧急行动。可知，本文的主要目的就是号召人们采取行动，解决食物浪费问题。故选B。
【答案】15．B
16．B
17．D
18．D
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；社会现象类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国小城镇/农村地区人口流失现象。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
15．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"More than a third of small towns in Georgia lost population in the last year alone，highlighting the challenges of reviving rural areas."仅去年一年，乔治亚州就有超过三分之一的小城镇人口流失，突出了振兴农村地区的挑战。可知，小城镇出现了人口流失现象，即它们的人口减少了。故选B。
16．考查词义猜测。根据第四段"The trend of people moving from rural to urban areas is hardly a new one - it's been going on worldwide for more than a century.But continued population losses have raised questions about whether rural areas can do anything toreverse the tide."人口从农村转移到城市地区的趋势在世界范围内已经持续了一个多世纪，这并不是一个新的趋势。但持续的人口流失引发了人们的疑问：农村地区能否采取任何措施扭转这一趋势。可知，这一趋势指的是"农村人口转移到城市"这一现象，reverse the tide“扭转这一趋势”意味着在农村人口流失现象的前提下，人们采取措施阻止农村人口流失，去吸引在大城市的人回到农村/小城镇，即人口从城市转移到农村，故选B。
17．考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“Rural residents can face a number of challenges including access to good jobs，transportation and health care.”农村居民可能面临许多挑战，包括获得好工作、交通和医疗保健；以及倒数第二段"‘The older generation is dying，the younger generation is moving away，and because there are perceived to be fewer business opportunities，financial opportunities，etc.It's very challenging to get inbound population.’ Bridges said."老一辈人正在死去，年轻一代正在离开，而且因为人们认为商业机会、金融机会等越来越少，所以吸引外来人口非常具有挑战性。" Bridges说。可知，Bridges的话佐证了农村人口流失和难以吸引外来人口去农村的原因。故选D。
18．考查推理判断。根据最后一段"Demographers （人口学家） expect the shift from rural to urban to continue.But there are some bright spots in rural America still.Jackson County near Athens was recently named one of the fastest-growing counties in the nation by the Census Bureau.Amazon opened a large fulfillment center there a couple of years ago.And Young Harris，near the Georgia-North Carolina border，has grown by more than 80% since 2010.”人口学家预计，从农村到城市的转变将继续。但在美国农村地区仍然有一些亮点。雅典附近的杰克逊县最近被人口普查局评为全国发展最快的县之一。几年前，亚马逊在那里开设了一家大型履行中心。而年轻的哈里斯，靠近乔治亚州和北卡罗来纳州的边界，自2010年以来增长了80%以上。可知，虽然农村人口流失仍在继续，但有些农村地区的人口增加了。可推断，一定的措施还是可以帮助农村地区增长人口的，因此可以采取措施帮助农村城镇发展。故选D。
19．【答案】（1）B
（2）D
（3）B
（4）A
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；社会现象类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，美国的商界和政界现在越来越看不懂所谓的新千年一代了。所谓新千年一代，就是1980年至2000年这20年间出生的人口。灯红酒绿、霓虹闪烁的夜生活似乎并不能勾起这代人对城市的向往，他们似乎对郊区更有偏爱。而且，部分千禧一代已经迁往郊区了。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“A deep-seated preference for night life and subways, the thinking goes, has driven the revitalization of urban cores across the U.S. over the last decade-plus.”以及倒数第二段中的“But urban lifestyles, up to and including trendy bars, aren't just hip—they're a part of what powers a city's economic engines, bringing people together to explore new ideas, create companies, and build careers.”可知以前年轻人着迷于城市的24全天候营业的酒吧。故选B。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“That's because millennials' preference for cities will fade as they start families and become more established in their careers.”可知年轻一代离开城市的原因在于他们事业更成功，经济情况更好。故选D。
（3）考查词义猜测。根据第五段中的“ Survey data shows that more millennials would like to be living in the suburbs than actually are.But the normal career and family cycles moving young people from cities into suburban houses have become, in Myers' words, ‘a plugged up drain.’”可知很多年轻一代倾向于居住在郊区，但是. . . 这表明事实情况与年轻一代的预期有所不同，故推断是受阻的意思。“a plugged up drain.”意为堵塞的水管。故选B。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“we saw that suburbanization(城市郊区化)also means an economic and social hollowing out for cities. ”可知作者是把郊区城市化看作一种经济繁荣，金融稳定的标志，故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
20．【答案】（1）B
（2）D
（3）C
（4）B
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；段落大意题；社会现象类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了世界各国正在减少现金支付，无现金经济正在迅速发展的情况。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“For the past 3000 years, when people thought of money, they thought of cash. From buying food to settling bar bills, day-to-day dealings involved paper or clinking bits of metal. Over the past decade, however, digital payments have taken off — tapping your credit card on a terminal or using a smart phone has become normal. Now this revolution is about to turn cash into an endangered species in some rich economies.”在过去的3000年里，当人们想到钱的时候，他们想到的是现金。从购买食品到结算汇票，日常交易都涉及纸笔或贵金属。然而，在过去的十年里，数字支付已经开始兴起——在终端机上刷信用卡或使用智能手机已经成为常态。现在，这场革命即将把现金变成一些富裕经济体的濒危物种。可推知，在过去的十年里，数字支付已经迅速发展。第一段是引出文章的主题——无现金经济。故选B。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Countries are eliminating(消除) cash at varying speeds. But the direction of travel is clear, and in some cases the journey is nearly complete. In Sweden the number of retail cash transactions per person has fallen by 80% in the past ten years. Cash accounts for just 6% of purchases by value in Norway. Britain is probably four or six years behind the Nordic countries. America is perhaps a decade behind. Outside the rich world, cash is still king. But even there its dominance is being weakened.”各国正在以不同的速度消除现金。但前进的方向是明确的，在某些情况下，这一进程已接近完成。在瑞典，人均零售现金交易数量在过去十年中下降了80%。在挪威，现金仅占购买总额的6%。英国大概落后北欧国家四到六年。美国可能落后十年。在富裕国家之外，现金仍然是王道。但即便如此，它的主导地位也在被削弱。故选D。
（3）考查段落大意。根据第三段“Cash is dying out because of two forces. One is demand — younger consumers want payment systems that plug seamlessly(无缝地) into their digital lives. But equally important, suppliers such as banks and tech firms (in developed markets) and telecoms companies (in emerging ones) are developing fast, easy-to-use payment technologies from which they can pull data and pocket fees.”现金正在消失，原因有两方面。一个是需求——年轻的消费者希望支付系统能够无缝接入他们的数字生活。同样重要的是，像银行、科技公司(发达市场)和电信公司(新兴市场)这样的供应商正在发展快速、易用的支付技术，从中获取数据和服务费。可知，第三段主要说明了现金正在逐渐消失的原因。故选C。
（4）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“In general, the outlook of a cashless economy is excellent news. Cash is inefficient. ”总的来说，无现金经济的前景是一个极好的消息。现金是低效的。可推断，作者对无现金经济的前景持乐观态度。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和段落大意三个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
21．【答案】（1）D
（2）A
（3）B
（4）B
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；社会现象类；议论文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，介绍了对信息技术的过分迷恋对国家，对个人，对慈善事业都会有不利的影响。
（1）细节理解题。根据第二段中的“However, they have reak impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources. ”可知，对信息技术的错误判断会导致有限资源的错误使用，也就是资源的浪费，故选D。
（2）推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.”可知，与其给那些贫困地区孩子笔记本电脑或者建网络中心，还不如给钱打井，铺电网或者生产他们买得起的洗衣机，这些东西更能改善他们的生活。作者不是说这些东西一定更重要，但是很多捐赠者没有仔细考虑捐赠的东西的长期成本，因此作者建议捐赠者要考虑接受捐赠的人的实际情况，而不是一味地追求信息化，故选A。
（3）推理判断题。根据第五段“In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a "borderless world". 以及Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.”可知，对新东西的迷恋让人们认为如今通讯技术和交通的变革让我们生活在一个无国界的世界。正是认为我们生活在这样一个世界，很多政府取消了关于跨国界的资本、劳动力以及商品流动的法律法规，故选B。
（4）推理判断题。根据第三段“The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so "yesterday" that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in "post-industrial society" has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造业) with negative consequences for their economies.”可知，对互联网呈现的通讯技术变革的迷恋让很多富裕国家做出一个错误的结论，制造产品已经过时了，他们应该靠创意生活，因而忽略了制造业，从而对经济造成不利影响，故可知，传统的技术依然有它的地位，不能被新兴的信息技术取代，故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
【答案】22．D
23．C
24．B
25．C
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；社会现象类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了当前富裕国家中无家可归的问题以及如何减少无家可归者的一些方法。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
22．考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“Nine decades on and Charing Cross and the Embankment are once again full of rough sleepers, even during the coldest days of December. It is a pattern found in much of the rich world.”九十年过去了， 查林十字街和堤岸再一次挤满了露宿街头的人，即使是在最寒冷的12月。这是许多发达国家都存在的一种情况。可知本段引用乔治 奥威尔的话来引出当前富裕国家中无家可归的问题。故选D。
23．考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“Yet, most people believe tougher policies will ultimately do little if housing costs remain high. This is the underlying reason for rising homelessness. ”然而，大多数人认为，如果住房成本居高不下，更严格的政策最终收效甚微，这是无家可归者增多的根本原因。可知住房成本居高不下是无家可归者增多的根本原因，由此可推知降低住房成本有助于减少无家可归者。故选C。
24．考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“In Singapore, a place where there is practically no homelessness, 80% of residents live in government-built flats which they buy at knock-down prices. ”在新加坡这个几乎没有无家可归者的地方，80%的居民住在政府建造的公寓里，他们以极低的价格购买这些公寓；以及最后一段中的“The problem of rough sleeping in Germany and Switzerland, two countries with minimal real-house-price growth in recent decades, is less acute. Japan has used its fair share of strong-arm policies to deal with the homeless,”近几十年来，德国和瑞士这两个国家的房屋价格涨幅最小，但它们的露宿问题没有那么严重。日本在处理无家可归者的问题上使用了其应有的强硬政策，可知新加坡无家可归者最少。故选B。
25．考查主旨大意。根据第三段中的“These places offer lessons on how to reduce homelessness. ”这些地方提供了如何减少无家可归的课程；第四段中的“Yet, most people believe tougher policies will ultimately do little if housing costs remain high. This is the underlying reason for rising homelessness. So, the state can do something to help. ”然而，大多数人认为，如果住房成本居高不下，更严格的政策最终收效甚微，这是无家可归者增多的根本原因。所以，国家可以做一些事情来帮助解决；以及第五段中的“The most effective reform, however, would be to make building more homes easier.” 然而，最有效的改革应该是让建造更多住房变得更容易。可知本文讲述了减少世界最富裕的城市中无家可归者的一些方法。故选C。
【备战2023高考英语】全国甲卷真题变式：04 阅读·社会现象类
一、真题
（2022·全国甲卷）阅读理解
Sometime in the early
1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered
its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered tots of things that were
just sort of there-broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse
population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a
cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I
spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our
third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways-he for a
lunch break, I to explore the city.
"I'll miss these
old boats," he said as we parted.
"How do you mean "
I asked.
"Oh, they're
replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they're not so
elegant, and they're not fun to pilot. Hut that's progress, I guess."
Everywhere in Sydney
these days, change and progress are the watchwords（口号）, and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the
city's official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s,
Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings.
"Sydney is confused about itself," she said. "We can't seem to
make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It's a
conflict that we aren't getting any better at resolving（解决）.”
On the other hand,
being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this
when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. "Many people say
that we lack culture in this country," he told me. "What people forget
is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their
culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We've got a
foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young
country. It's a pretty hard combination to beat."
He is right, but I
can't help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．Sydney's striking architecture.
B．The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C．The key to Sydney's development.
D．Sydney's tourist attractions in the 1960s.
2．What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds
A．He goes to work by boat. B．He looks forward to a new life.
C．He pilots catamarans well. D．He is attached to the old ferries.
3．What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney
A．It is losing its traditions. B．It should speed up its progress.
C．It should expand its population. D．It is becoming more international.
4．Which statement will the author probably agree with
A．A city can be young and cad at the same time.
B．A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C．modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D．Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
【答案】1．C
2．D
3．A
4．A
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；段落大意题；社会现象类；夹叙夹议
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，通过作者和悉尼人士的交流介绍了悉尼发展中面临的问题。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和段落大意三个题型的考查，是一篇社会类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
1．考查段落大意。根据第一段中的“Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. ”20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚悉尼发生了一件大事。这座城市发现了它的港口；以及“But it is the harbor that makes the city. ”但是是港口造就了城市。可知，本段主要介绍了悉尼发展的关键是港口。故选C。
2．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilot Sydney ferryboats for a living. ”30岁出头的Andrew Reynolds是个快乐的小伙子，他在悉尼担任渡轮领航员为生；第三段中的“I'll miss these old boats. ”我会想念这些旧船的；以及第五段“中的Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they're not fun to pilot. ”双体船更快，但它们不那么优雅，驾驶起来也不有趣。可知，渡轮领航员Andrew Reynolds喜欢老式渡船。故选D。
3．考查推理判断。根据倒数第三段中的“Shirley Fitzgerald, the city's official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings.”悉尼的官方历史学家Shirley Fitzgerald告诉我，在20世纪70年代奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼把很多它的过去都抛在了一边，包括许多最漂亮的建筑。可推知，Shirley Fitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，正在失去它的传统。故选A。
4．考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的“On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony.”另一方面，同时既年轻又古老也有它的魅力。当我遇到一位深思熟虑的年轻商人Anthony时，我考虑到了这一点；以及最后一段中的“He is right”他说得没错。可推知，作者赞同Anthony的观点，认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。故选A。
二、变式题
（2023高三上·辽阳月考）
阅读理解
As cities around the
world try to be smart, some have become stupid instead.
So, what is a
"stupid city" It is a city that gives in to urban sprawl(扩张), with people moving from central areas to less-crowded
communities, said Mr. Nicholas You, a director of the Guangzhou Institute for
Urban Innovation in China. Such communities are heavily reliant on cars.
Another problem Mr.
You stressed is that public administration bodies in "stupid cities'' tend
to work alone, refusing to share data that could help develop solutions to
urban problems. He made the point during a discussion on urban transformation
in Asia, saying, "A real smart city is one that looks at everything as a
whole—you can't look at water issues without looking at energy."
A South Korean member,
Mr. Jong Sung Hwang, suggested that some of the biggest barriers to creating a
smart city are cultural. South Korean society is less forgiving of mistakes,
noted Mr. Jong. For example, some in Seoul tried to push for an intelligent
traffic system but were met with resistance from the police. He said, "We
have ideas, data and even money, but we could not make it happen."
India, however, is not
adopting a one-size-fits-all approach to create smart cities for its 1.3
billion people, said a member from India.
In Singapore, which
launched its Smart Nation initiative( 行 动 )
in 2014, the authorities fear that technology can worsen the divide between the
haves and the have-nots, said Dr. Limin Hee, director for research at the
Centre for Liveable Cities here. "Thankfully, many cities are considering
such issues as how to make better use of data and technology to create smart
cities," she added.
5．What can we learn about a smart city
A．It encourages urban expansion.
B．It has few people in its central areas.
C．It solves urban problems by sharing data.
D．It treats every issue as a separate unit.
6．Why is it impossible to push an intelligent traffic system in Seoul
A．People are tolerant of mistakes.
B．The police are afraid of making mistakes.
C．The government is lacking enough money.
D．The traffic system in Seoul is very advanced.
7．What problem might India face when creating smart cities
A．Its population is decreasing.
B．It has no examples to follow.
C．It fails to adopt a universally right system.
D．It lacks advanced technologies.
8．What do Singaporean authorities worry about the technology
A．The disapproval of the public.
B．More money spent than expected.
C．The development of cities being limited.
D．The increasing gap between the rich and the poor.
【答案】5．C
6．B
7．C
8．D
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；社会现象类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了"愚蠢城市"存在的问题、一些国家在创建智慧城市中遇到的阻碍以及如何创建智慧城市的方法。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
5．考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"Another problem Mr. You stressed is that public administration bodies in ‘stupid cities’tend to work alone， refusing to share data that could help develop solutions to urban problems."尤强调的另一个问题是，"愚蠢城市"的公共管理机构倾向于单干，拒绝分享有助于解决城市问题的数据；以及"A real smart city is one that looks at everything as a whole—you can't look at water issues without looking at energy."一个真正的智慧城市是一个将一切都作为整体看待的城市——你不可能不考虑能源就考虑水问题。可知，智慧城市通过共享数据来解决城市问题。故选C。
6．考查推理判断。根据第四段中的"South Korean society is less forgiving of mistakes, noted Mr. Jong."Jong指出，韩国社会对错误不那么宽容；以及"For example， some in Seoul tried to push for an intelligent traffic system but were met with resistance from the police."例如，首尔的一些人试图推动智能交通系统，但遭到了警方的抵制。可知，在首尔推广智能交通系统是不可能的，因为警察害怕犯错误。故选B。
7．考查细节理解。根据第五段"India, however, is not adopting a one-size-fits-all approach to create smart cities for its 1.3 billion people, said a member from India."然而，一位来自印度的成员表示，印度并没有采取一刀切的方法来为其13亿人口创建智能城市。可知，在创建智能城市时，印度可能面临它没有采用普遍正确的制度的问题。故选C。
8．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的"In Singapore, which launched its Smart Nation initiative( 行 动 ) in 2014, the authorities fear that technology can worsen the divide between the haves and the have-nots"新加坡于2014年启动了"智能国家"计划，当局担心科技会加剧贫富之间的差距。可知，新加坡当局担心科技会加剧贫富之间的差距。故选D。
9．（2020高三上·胶州月考）阅读理解
According to a report by
the United Nations, 54 percent of the world's
population lives in urban areas and it predicts that by 2050, this figure will have increased to around 70 percent. But as more
and more people migrate from the countryside to the city to get better
opportunities, they can end up with
nowhere to live.
This is true in places such
as Rio de Janeiro, where migrants can't rent
or buy a home, and they end up building
their own communities and houses on unoccupied land. These are called shanty
towns—poor communities where the houses are built out of cheap materials—and
often don't have any electricity or water supply.
These are, of course, not the megacities (大城市)of the future we want to see. Some serious urban planning is
needed to make our cities of the future good, safe and modern places to live in. This involves improving the
infrastructure (基础设施), the housing conditions and also the opportunities for education
and employment.
Something urban planners
are looking at now is the creation of "smart cities". According to
John Rossant, founder and chairman of the
non-profit organization New Cities Foundation, technology is the way forward. He thinks that it's generally
accepted that "cloud computing ubiquitous internet, robust 5G networks, etc, will transform our cities." He says technology is really "a game changer" in urbanisation. It would collect large amounts of data about how a city is performing and may improve how a city functions.
This may sound like a utopian (乌托邦似的) view. For now, some big cities around the world are trying out more low—tech schemes to try and make them desirable places to live and work in. Building shared—ownership housing and improving public transport are some ways. And encouraging cycling and building bike lanes can keep the population healthy and cut down on smog. What would make your city a better place to live in
（1）What's the text mainly about
A．The city of the future. B．The increase of the population.
C．Urban construction. D．The function of smart cities.
（2）Why does the author mention Rio de Janeiro in Paragraph 2
A．To show the growth of the world population.
B．To show the problems in urbanization.
C．To show poor living conditions of the city.
D．To show financial trouble of the city.
（3）What plays an important role in the creation of smart cities
A．Technology. B．Urban planning.
C．The infrastructure of the city. D．Opportunities for education.
（4）What can we know from the last paragraph
A．High-tech plans can be easily realized.
B．Public transport is well developed in cities.
C．Shared-ownership houses make no sense.
D．Ways of low-tech are available at present.
【答案】（1）A
（2）B
（3）A
（4）D
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；社会现象类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了用城市化现象来说明城市未来的发展。
（1）考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“54 percent of the world's population lives in urban areas and it predicts that by 2050，this figure will have increased to around 70 percent.”世界54%的人口居住在城市地区，该组织预测，到2050年，这一数字将增加到70%左右。及全文内容可知，文章主要谈论的是城市的在未来的发展，即城市的未来。故选A。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“But as more and more people migrate from the countryside to the city to get better opportunities，they can end up with nowhere to live.”但是，随着越来越多的人从农村迁移到城市，以获得更好的机会，他们可能最终无处居住；以及第二段中的“This is true in places such as Rio de Janeiro”在里约热内卢这样的地方确实是这样。可知，第一段提出城市化现象，第二段用里约热内卢来进行举例说明，故作者在第二段中提到了里约热内卢的原因是展示城市化问题。故选B。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“technology is the way forward”技术是前进的方向；以及“He says technology is really ‘ game changer’ in urbanisation.”他表示，科技确实是城市化的“游戏规则改变者”。可知，技术在智慧城市中的创建中起着重要的作用。故选A。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“some big cities around the world are trying out more low—tech schemes to try and make them desirable places to live and work in.”目前，世界上的一些大城市正在尝试更多的低技术方案，试图使它们成为理想的居住和工作场所。可知，通过最后一段我们知道目前有许多低技术含量的方法。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
10．（2019高三上·普陀期末）Directions:
Read the following passage. For each of them there are four choices marked A,
B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in
the passage you have just read.
Last
summer, bird-watchers confirmed the discovery of a new species of bird in
Cambodia was not an event of particular biological significance, but it was
striking for one reason in part. This species of bird was discovered not in an
unspoiled rain forest but within the limits Cambodia's capital, Phnom Penh – a
city the size of Philadelphia.
What the
researchers found was surprising in cities. The medium-sized city in the state
about 110 species of birds, over 95 percent of which would have been growing
there urbanization. Ecologically speaking, cities are different, concrete
buildings. Rather, each unique bio-profile – a kind of ecological fingerprint –
that is against the idea of an environment dead zone.
Of
course, it's also true that in the world of birds and plants, as in human
society, there is such a thing as worldwide—the city-inhabitants who feel
equally at home in San Francisco, Milan and Beijing. Four birds occur in more
than 80 percent of the cities studied, and 11 plants occurred in more than 90
percent of the cities. On the plant side, those are seemingly spread by
European settlement. In the air, it's the usual suspects: the rock pigeon and
many other birds. “They have become completely adapted to urban life,”Katti
says. “That's not much of surprise. But they don't actually dominate as much as
we think they do.” Those species—occurring in the cities across the
globe—represent only a small part of a city's natural varieties.
Not
all cities are equal protectors of native animals and plants, though. One of
the biggest predictors for a city's biodiversity is its urban design. Territory
as varied as backyards and street trees can lay important roles in greening a
city. In fact, the amount of green space is a stronger predictor of the density
of biodiversity than a city's size. A metropolis with a sizable network of
parks can contain more species per square mile than a much smaller city.
In a
world where architecture, food, language, fashion and commerce are increasingly
globalized, a city's native animals and plants can be a kind of identity. There
may be neighborhoods in London and Paris that resemble Singapore or Hong Kong.
Cities are becoming similar, but their natural environments stand completely
apart.
（1）According to the passage, what do you think of Phnom Penh, Cambodia's capital
A．It is full of various rare plants and animals.
B．Its birds' population is larger than that of San Francisco.
C．It's as big as Philadelphia in terms of area.
D．It is on an equal footing with Beijing and Milan.
（2）Which of the following statements is NOT the same as the author's idea
A．From a biological point new changes happen every day.
B．From an environmental point the daily changes aren't obvious enough.
C．Each city has different characteristics in terms of ecological development.
D．Different species of creatures are born in different cities.
（3）Some plants are found in many cities in the world, which seems to be a result of ____.
A．natural selection B．globalization
C．urban development D．colonization
（4）Which of the following might be the best title of the passage
A．What Surprising Cities! The Medium-sized City Has Various Species of Birds!
B．The Power of Plants and Animals! The Charm of All the Cities!
C．The Cities Are Concrete Jungles! Never Think about Them the Same Way Again!
D．More Species Per Square Mile! The Amount of Green Space Is a Stronger Predictor!
【答案】（1）C
（2）B
（3）D
（4）C
【知识点】主旨大意题；细节理解题；社会现象类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，虽然城市的发展看似破坏环境，但事实要复杂得多。城市的确是水泥丛林！但是不要用和以前相同的方式去想它们！
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“This species of bird was discovered not in an unspoiled rain forest but within the limits Cambodia's capital, Phnom Penh – a city the size of Philadelphia.”可知，柬埔寨的首都金边和费城城市大小一样大。故选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Ecologically speaking, cities are different, concrete buildings.”可知，就生态学的角度而言，城市并非可复制的钢筋水泥群落，城市是不断发展的，故发生着新变化，故A正确；“Rather, each unique bio-profile – a kind of ecological fingerprint – that is against the idea of an environment dead zone.”可知，每一个城市都有独特的“生物剖面”，故C正确；第四段中的“Not all cities are equal protectors of native animals and plants, though.”可知，不同的城市都有原生的动植物，故D正确。B选择项与作者的观点不同，故选B。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“On the plant side, those are seemingly spread by European settlement.”可知，这似乎是随欧洲殖民而传播的。故选D。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据第二段中的“Ecologically speaking, cities are different, concrete buildings.最后一段In a world where architecture, food, language, fashion and commerce are increasingly globalized, a city's native animals and plants can be a kind of identity.和Cities are becoming similar, but their natural environments stand completely apart.”可知，虽然城市的发展看似破坏环境，但事实要复杂得多。城市的确是水泥丛林！但是不要用与以前同样的方式去想它们！故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
（2022高三上·哈尔滨月考）阅读理解
With the largest
population in the world, China has the most mouths to feed on the planet.
Consequently, food waste is a great problem in China. It is reported that more
than 6% — or 35 million kgs — of the country's total food production is lost
before reaching consumers, in the household and warehouse storage, transport
and processing sectors. With an ever-growing population, it's imperative
to deal with food waste in China.
Thankfully,
policies covering food waste have been rapidly emerging in recent years. Since
2010, the Chinese government has selected 100 cities and encouraged them to
explore alternative waste management systems. In 2016,China amended(修改) its Solid Waste Law to stop illegal dumping(倾倒) and promote recycling and reuse of waste, including food.
Restaurants will soon be charged a fee for the amount of food waste they
produce. And China is using a good food waste processing method called
anaerobic digestion, a process that transforms organic waste into biogas, which
can be used as energy, or turned into biofuel.
Moving forward,
policymakers should consider loss and waste reduction to be as important as
increasing production. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, the
current policy system of agricultural subsidisation(补贴) mainly includes price guarantees and subsidies for crops,
production materials, seeds and agricultural machinery, which leads to local
governments focusing on crop production while paying little attention to the
wastage in the supply chain. There should also be increased investment in the
construction of new warehouses and special funds for storage, transport, and
processing technologies.
If food waste were
a country, it would be the third-largest emitting(排放) country in the world, generating about 8% of total greenhouse gas
emissions. This issue is not location-specific, but an issue that affects every
living thing on the planet and should therefore be seen as an essential area to
take action in.
11．What does the underlined word "imperative" in paragraph 1 mean
A．Impractical. B．Hopeful. C．Costly. D．Urgent
12．What can we say about the anaerobic digestion method
A．It has been widely used in restaurants.
B．It is required by the Solid Waste Law.
C．It is eco-friendly to reuse food waste.
D．It has proved effective in 100 cities.
13．What is a result of the current agricultural subsidisation policy
A．Food waste in the supply chain is ignored.
B．Prices of production materials go up.
C．Investment in the supply chain increases.
D．Food waste during crop production gets serious.
14．What is the main purpose of the text
A．To promote the idea of recycling food waste.
B．To call for action against food waste.
C．To assess the consequences of food waste.
D．To discuss the reasons behind food waste.
【答案】11．D
12．C
13．A
14．B
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；社会现象类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中国食物浪费问题及其采取的措施，号召人们采取行动减少食物浪费。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
11．考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的“food waste is a great problem in China”食物浪费在中国是一个大问题；以及“more than 6% — or 35 million kgs — of the country's total food production is lost”损失了超过该国粮食总产量的6%，即3500万公斤。可知，食物浪费现象在中国很严重，因此解决这一问题很“紧急”。文末将食物浪费比作一个国家，并指出其是一个需要采取紧急行动的区域，因此推断选项中划线词与urgent意思相近。故选D。
12．考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“And China is using a good food waste processing method called anaerobic digestion, a process that transforms organic waste into biogas, which can be used as energy, or turned into biofuel.”中国正在使用一种叫做厌氧消化的良好的食品废物处理方法，这是一种将有机废物转化为沼气，沼气可以用作能源，也可以转化为生物燃料的过程。可知，厌氧消化法是一种很好的处理餐厨垃圾的方法，它能将有机垃圾转化为沼气用作能源，或者将沼气转化为生物燃料。可推知，厌氧消化法是一种很环保的处理餐厨垃圾的方法。故选C。
13．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“the current policy system of agricultural subsidisation (补贴) mainly includes price guarantees and subsidies for crops, production materials, seeds and agricultural machinery,which leads to local governments focusing on crop production while paying little attention to the wastage in the supply chain.”目前的农业补贴政策体系主要包括对农作物、生产材料、种子和农业机械的价格保障和补贴，导致地方政府关注作物生产，而不重视供应链的浪费。可知，现行的农业补贴政策的结构导致地方政府对供应链中的浪费问题关注较少。故选A。
14．考查推理判断。本文介绍了中国的食物浪费问题、中国应对食物浪费采取的措施以及其他解决食物浪费问题的办法；再结合最后一段中的“This issue is not location-specific, but an issue that affects every living thing on the planet and should therefore be seen as an essential area to take action in.” 食物浪费问题不是某个地方特有的问题，而是影响地球上每个生物的问题，因此必须采取紧急行动。可知，本文的主要目的就是号召人们采取行动，解决食物浪费问题。故选B。
（2022高三下·河源月考）阅读理解
More than a third of small towns in Georgia lost
population in the last year alone, highlighting the challenges of reviving
rural areas. New census (人口普查) estimates
show that Camilla
fell below 5, 000 residents. Sparks fell below 2, 000, and Milan fell to 661
residents for a
loss of 7% of its population. All three towns are in South Georgia.
"Many of the young people in these
communities graduate from high school and don't come back. They go to college, whatever,
they don't come back," said David Bridges, head of its Center for Rural Prosperity
and Innovation in Tifton.
Meanwhile, Georgia's cities are growing, having no problem drawing people from small towns and other cities. Atlanta grew more than 1% in the past year and is now nearing the half-million-resident mark.
The trend of people moving from rural to urban areas is
hardly a new one——it's
been going on
worldwide for more than a century. But continued population losses have raised
questions about
whether rural areas can do anything to reverse the tide.
Rural residents can face a number of challenges including access to good jobs, transportation and health care. Manufacturing jobs have dried up in many places, while modernization and new technology means fewer people are needed for farming. And many people are deciding to have smaller families than was typical a century ago.
"The older generation is dying, the younger generation is moving away, and because there are perceived to be fewer business opportunities, financial opportunities, etc. It's very challenging to get inbound population." Bridges said.
Demographers (人口学家) expect the shift from rural to urban to continue. But there are some bright spots in rural America still. Jackson County near Athens was recently named one of the fastest-growing counties in the nation by the Census Bureau. Amazon opened a large fulfillment center there a couple of years ago. And Young Harris, near the Georgia-North Carolina border, has grown by more than 80% since 2010.
15．What happened to the small towns mentioned in paragraph 1
A．Their sizes grew rapidly. B．Their population declined.
C．They drew more residents. D．They raised challenges to locals.
16．Which of the following best explains "reverse the tide" underlined in paragraph 4
A．People move from rural to urban areas.
B．Small towns draw people from cities.
C．Rural areas develop their economy quickly.
D．Population continue to grow in urban areas.
17．Why is David Bridges quoted
A．To offer more evidence. B．To draw a conclusion.
C．To show his contribution. D．To give part of the reasons.
18．What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A．Jackson County is the best town in the US.
B．Rural towns will keep growing to larger ones.
C．Others will follow the lead of these bright spots.
D．There can be measures to help rural towns grow.
【答案】15．B
16．B
17．D
18．D
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；社会现象类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国小城镇/农村地区人口流失现象。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
15．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"More than a third of small towns in Georgia lost population in the last year alone，highlighting the challenges of reviving rural areas."仅去年一年，乔治亚州就有超过三分之一的小城镇人口流失，突出了振兴农村地区的挑战。可知，小城镇出现了人口流失现象，即它们的人口减少了。故选B。
16．考查词义猜测。根据第四段"The trend of people moving from rural to urban areas is hardly a new one - it's been going on worldwide for more than a century.But continued population losses have raised questions about whether rural areas can do anything toreverse the tide."人口从农村转移到城市地区的趋势在世界范围内已经持续了一个多世纪，这并不是一个新的趋势。但持续的人口流失引发了人们的疑问：农村地区能否采取任何措施扭转这一趋势。可知，这一趋势指的是"农村人口转移到城市"这一现象，reverse the tide“扭转这一趋势”意味着在农村人口流失现象的前提下，人们采取措施阻止农村人口流失，去吸引在大城市的人回到农村/小城镇，即人口从城市转移到农村，故选B。
17．考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“Rural residents can face a number of challenges including access to good jobs，transportation and health care.”农村居民可能面临许多挑战，包括获得好工作、交通和医疗保健；以及倒数第二段"‘The older generation is dying，the younger generation is moving away，and because there are perceived to be fewer business opportunities，financial opportunities，etc.It's very challenging to get inbound population.’ Bridges said."老一辈人正在死去，年轻一代正在离开，而且因为人们认为商业机会、金融机会等越来越少，所以吸引外来人口非常具有挑战性。" Bridges说。可知，Bridges的话佐证了农村人口流失和难以吸引外来人口去农村的原因。故选D。
18．考查推理判断。根据最后一段"Demographers （人口学家） expect the shift from rural to urban to continue.But there are some bright spots in rural America still.Jackson County near Athens was recently named one of the fastest-growing counties in the nation by the Census Bureau.Amazon opened a large fulfillment center there a couple of years ago.And Young Harris，near the Georgia-North Carolina border，has grown by more than 80% since 2010.”人口学家预计，从农村到城市的转变将继续。但在美国农村地区仍然有一些亮点。雅典附近的杰克逊县最近被人口普查局评为全国发展最快的县之一。几年前，亚马逊在那里开设了一家大型履行中心。而年轻的哈里斯，靠近乔治亚州和北卡罗来纳州的边界，自2010年以来增长了80%以上。可知，虽然农村人口流失仍在继续，但有些农村地区的人口增加了。可推断，一定的措施还是可以帮助农村地区增长人口的，因此可以采取措施帮助农村城镇发展。故选D。
19．（2018高三上·南通期中）阅读理解
As businesses and governments have struggled to understand the so-called millennials—born between roughly 1980 and 2000—one frequent conclusion has been that they have a unique love of cities. A deep-seated preference for night life and subways, the thinking goes, has driven the revitalization of urban cores across the U.S. over the last decade-plus.
But there's mounting evidence that millennials' love of cities was a passing fling(放纵). Millennials don't love cities any more than previous generations.
The latest argument comes from Dowell Myers, an urban planning professor at USC. As they age, says Myers, millennials' presence in cities, will "be evaporating(蒸发) through our fingers, if we don't make some plans now." That's because millennials' preference for cities will fade as they start families and become more established in their careers.
It's about more than aging, though. Demographer William Frey has been arguing for years that millennials have become stuck in cities by the 2008 downturn and the following slow recovery, with poor job prospects and declining wages making it harder for them to afford to buy homes in suburbia.
Myers, too, says observers have confused young people's presence in cities with a preference for cities. Survey data shows that more millennials would like to be living in the suburbs than actually are. But the normal career and family cycles moving young people from cities into suburban houses have become, in Myers' words, "a plugged up drain."
But unemployment has finally returned to healthy lows (though participation rates and wages are still largely stagnant), which Myers says should finally increase mobility for millennials.
Other trends among millennials, supposedly matters of lifestyle preference, have already turned out to have been driven mostly by economics. What was once deemed their broad preference for public transit may have always been a now-reversing inability to afford cars. Even decades-long trends towards marrying later have been accentuated as today's young people struggle for financial stability.
Investors are already taking the idea that millennials will return to old behavior patterns seriously, putting more money into auto manufacturers and developers. But urban lifestyles, up to and including trendy bars, aren't just hip—they're a part of what powers a city's economic engines, bringing people together to explore new ideas, create companies, and build careers.
From the 1960s to the 1990s, we saw that suburbanization(城市郊区化)also means an economic and social hollowing out for cities. Now that the economic shackles are coming off today's young city residents, cities that want to stay vibrant(充满生机的) have to figure out how to convince them—and their growing families—to stick around.
（1）Over the last decade, what is thought to have ensured the prosperity of the city
A．Fast economic development. B．Around-the-clock club services.
C．Convenient public transport. D．Well-established careers.
（2）Why are Millennials about to leave city
A．It is too expensive for them to buy apartment in cities.
B．They find it difficult for to seek a god job in cities.
C．It is easier to get married moving to the suburban.
D．They are more confident with their economic situation.
（3）What does the author mean quoting Myer's "a plugged up drain"(para 5)
A．Millennials are reluctant to leave attractive cities.
B．Millennals are stopped from moving to the suburbs.
C．Milennials are unwilling to be cut off from the suburban.
D．Millennials are afraid of another economic decline.
（4）How does the author feel about the suburbanization
A．sign of stable finance. B．A growth of health issues
C．A conflict of new ideas. D．A loss of modem life
【答案】（1）B
（2）D
（3）B
（4）A
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；社会现象类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，美国的商界和政界现在越来越看不懂所谓的新千年一代了。所谓新千年一代，就是1980年至2000年这20年间出生的人口。灯红酒绿、霓虹闪烁的夜生活似乎并不能勾起这代人对城市的向往，他们似乎对郊区更有偏爱。而且，部分千禧一代已经迁往郊区了。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“A deep-seated preference for night life and subways, the thinking goes, has driven the revitalization of urban cores across the U.S. over the last decade-plus.”以及倒数第二段中的“But urban lifestyles, up to and including trendy bars, aren't just hip—they're a part of what powers a city's economic engines, bringing people together to explore new ideas, create companies, and build careers.”可知以前年轻人着迷于城市的24全天候营业的酒吧。故选B。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“That's because millennials' preference for cities will fade as they start families and become more established in their careers.”可知年轻一代离开城市的原因在于他们事业更成功，经济情况更好。故选D。
（3）考查词义猜测。根据第五段中的“ Survey data shows that more millennials would like to be living in the suburbs than actually are.But the normal career and family cycles moving young people from cities into suburban houses have become, in Myers' words, ‘a plugged up drain.’”可知很多年轻一代倾向于居住在郊区，但是. . . 这表明事实情况与年轻一代的预期有所不同，故推断是受阻的意思。“a plugged up drain.”意为堵塞的水管。故选B。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“we saw that suburbanization(城市郊区化)also means an economic and social hollowing out for cities. ”可知作者是把郊区城市化看作一种经济繁荣，金融稳定的标志，故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
20．（2020高三上·哈尔滨月考）阅读理解
For the past 3000 years,
when people thought of money, they thought of cash. From buying food to
settling bar bills, day-to-day dealings involved paper or clinking bits of metal.
Over the past decade, however, digital payments have taken off — tapping your
credit card on a terminal or using a smart phone has become normal. Now this
revolution is about to turn cash into an endangered species in some rich
economies. That will make the economy more efficient, but it also poses new
problems that could make the change victim.
Countries are eliminating(消除) cash at varying speeds. But the direction of travel is clear,
and in some cases the journey is nearly complete. In Sweden the number of
retail cash transactions per person has fallen by 80% in the past ten years.
Cash accounts for just 6% of purchases by value in Norway. Britain is probably
four or six years behind the Nordic countries. America is perhaps a decade
behind. Outside the rich world, cash is still king. But even there its
dominance is being weakened. In China, digital payments rose from 4% of all
payments in 2012 to 84% in 2020.
Cash is dying out because
of two forces. One is demand — younger consumers want payment systems that plug
seamlessly(无缝地) into their digital lives.
But equally important, suppliers such as banks and tech firms (in developed
markets) and telecoms companies (in emerging ones) are developing fast,
easy-to-use payment technologies from which they can pull data and pocket fees.
In general, the outlook of
a cashless economy is excellent news. Cash is inefficient. In rich countries,
minting, sorting, storing and distributing it is estimated to cost about 0.5%
of GDP. But that does not begin to capture the gains. When payments disappear,
people and shops are less fragile to theft. Governments can keep a closer eye
on fraud or illegal tax avoidance. Digitalization vastly expands the playground
of small businesses and sole traders by enabling them to sell beyond their
borders. It also creates a credit history, helping consumers borrow.
（1）What is the purpose of Paragraph 1
A．To show the background of using cash.
B．To introduce the main topic of the text.
C．To present the development of cash.
D．To explain the history of digital payments.
（2）Which of the following statement is true according to the passage
A．Sweden has already completely eliminated cash.
B．Digital payments have replaced cash in rich countries.
C．Britain develops faster than China in digital payments.
D．Both developed and developing countries are using cash less.
（3）What is Paragraph 3 mainly about
A．The ways of digital payments.
B．The effects of cash dying out.
C．The reasons for cash being endangered.
D．The importance of digital payments.
（4）What is the author's attitude towards the future of cashless economy
A．Ambiguous. B．Optimistic. C．Indifferent. D．Disapproving.
【答案】（1）B
（2）D
（3）C
（4）B
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；段落大意题；社会现象类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了世界各国正在减少现金支付，无现金经济正在迅速发展的情况。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“For the past 3000 years, when people thought of money, they thought of cash. From buying food to settling bar bills, day-to-day dealings involved paper or clinking bits of metal. Over the past decade, however, digital payments have taken off — tapping your credit card on a terminal or using a smart phone has become normal. Now this revolution is about to turn cash into an endangered species in some rich economies.”在过去的3000年里，当人们想到钱的时候，他们想到的是现金。从购买食品到结算汇票，日常交易都涉及纸笔或贵金属。然而，在过去的十年里，数字支付已经开始兴起——在终端机上刷信用卡或使用智能手机已经成为常态。现在，这场革命即将把现金变成一些富裕经济体的濒危物种。可推知，在过去的十年里，数字支付已经迅速发展。第一段是引出文章的主题——无现金经济。故选B。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Countries are eliminating(消除) cash at varying speeds. But the direction of travel is clear, and in some cases the journey is nearly complete. In Sweden the number of retail cash transactions per person has fallen by 80% in the past ten years. Cash accounts for just 6% of purchases by value in Norway. Britain is probably four or six years behind the Nordic countries. America is perhaps a decade behind. Outside the rich world, cash is still king. But even there its dominance is being weakened.”各国正在以不同的速度消除现金。但前进的方向是明确的，在某些情况下，这一进程已接近完成。在瑞典，人均零售现金交易数量在过去十年中下降了80%。在挪威，现金仅占购买总额的6%。英国大概落后北欧国家四到六年。美国可能落后十年。在富裕国家之外，现金仍然是王道。但即便如此，它的主导地位也在被削弱。故选D。
（3）考查段落大意。根据第三段“Cash is dying out because of two forces. One is demand — younger consumers want payment systems that plug seamlessly(无缝地) into their digital lives. But equally important, suppliers such as banks and tech firms (in developed markets) and telecoms companies (in emerging ones) are developing fast, easy-to-use payment technologies from which they can pull data and pocket fees.”现金正在消失，原因有两方面。一个是需求——年轻的消费者希望支付系统能够无缝接入他们的数字生活。同样重要的是，像银行、科技公司(发达市场)和电信公司(新兴市场)这样的供应商正在发展快速、易用的支付技术，从中获取数据和服务费。可知，第三段主要说明了现金正在逐渐消失的原因。故选C。
（4）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“In general, the outlook of a cashless economy is excellent news. Cash is inefficient. ”总的来说，无现金经济的前景是一个极好的消息。现金是低效的。可推断，作者对无现金经济的前景持乐观态度。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和段落大意三个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
21．（2019·江苏）请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Who cares if people think wrongly that the Internet
has had more important influences than the washing machine Why does it matter
that people are more impressed by the most recent changes
It would not matter if these misjudgments
were just a matter of people's opinions. However, they have real impacts, as
they result in misguided use of scarce resources.
The fascination with the ICT (Information
and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made
some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so "yesterday"
that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in "post-industrial
society" has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector (制造业) with negative consequences for their economies.
Even more worryingly, the fascination with
the Internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community
to worry about the "digital divide" between the rich countries and
the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to
developing countries to buy computer equipment and Internet facilities. The
question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the
most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging
wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing
machines would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a
laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not
saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have
rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term
costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.
In yet another example, a fascination with
the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies
of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a
"borderless world". As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many
people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the
result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying
to turn the clock back. Believing in such a world, many governments have put an
end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital,
labour and goods, with poor results.
Understanding technological trends is very
important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the national and
the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual
level. However, our fascination with the latest, and our under valuation of
what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong
directions.
（1）Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to ________.
A．a lack of confidence in technology B．a slow progress in technology
C．a conflict of public opinions D．a waste of limited resources
（2）The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should ________.
A．take people's essential needs into account
B．make their programmes attractive to people
C．ensure that each child gets financial support
D．provide more affordable internet facilities
（3）What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations
A．Neglecting the impacts of technological advances.
B．Believing that the world has become borderless.
C．Ignoring the power of economic development.
D．Over-emphasizing the role of international communication.
（4）What can we learn from the passage
A．People should be encouraged to make more donations.
B．Traditional technology still has a place nowadays.
C．Making right career choices is crucial to personal success.
D．Economic policies should follow technological trends.
【答案】（1）D
（2）A
（3）B
（4）B
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；社会现象类；议论文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，介绍了对信息技术的过分迷恋对国家，对个人，对慈善事业都会有不利的影响。
（1）细节理解题。根据第二段中的“However, they have reak impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources. ”可知，对信息技术的错误判断会导致有限资源的错误使用，也就是资源的浪费，故选D。
（2）推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.”可知，与其给那些贫困地区孩子笔记本电脑或者建网络中心，还不如给钱打井，铺电网或者生产他们买得起的洗衣机，这些东西更能改善他们的生活。作者不是说这些东西一定更重要，但是很多捐赠者没有仔细考虑捐赠的东西的长期成本，因此作者建议捐赠者要考虑接受捐赠的人的实际情况，而不是一味地追求信息化，故选A。
（3）推理判断题。根据第五段“In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a "borderless world". 以及Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.”可知，对新东西的迷恋让人们认为如今通讯技术和交通的变革让我们生活在一个无国界的世界。正是认为我们生活在这样一个世界，很多政府取消了关于跨国界的资本、劳动力以及商品流动的法律法规，故选B。
（4）推理判断题。根据第三段“The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so "yesterday" that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in "post-industrial society" has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造业) with negative consequences for their economies.”可知，对互联网呈现的通讯技术变革的迷恋让很多富裕国家做出一个错误的结论，制造产品已经过时了，他们应该靠创意生活，因而忽略了制造业，从而对经济造成不利影响，故可知，传统的技术依然有它的地位，不能被新兴的信息技术取代，故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
（2021高三下·九江模拟）阅读理解
"I
have slept on the Embankment (路堤), "
wrote George Orwell in 1933, adding that, despite the noise and the wet and the
cold, it was "much better than not sleeping at all". Nine decades on
and Charing Cross and the Embankment are once again full of rough sleepers, even
during the coldest days of December. It is a pattern found in much of the rich
world.
However,
it does not have to be this way. In post-war America, there was little rough
sleeping, and homelessness was falling so fast that sociologists predicted it
would soon disappear. Even today, some rich, successful cities, including Tokyo
and Munich, have few people living on the streets.
These
places offer lessons on how to reduce homelessness. One is that tough love can
sometimes work. Conservatives argue that softer policing policies in the 1970s,
including careless attitudes to public drunkenness, were in part responsible
for the rise in homelessness. The world could learn something from Greece, where
strong family networks ensure that those down on their luck find someone to
take them in. Many experts argue that it is counterproductive (事与愿违的) to give money to someone begging on the street. Better, they say, to
donate to a charity.
Yet,
most people believe tougher policies will ultimately do little if housing costs
remain high. This is the underlying reason for rising homelessness. So, the
state can do something to help. For example, more generous rent allowance might
actually save governments money in the medium term—after all, demands on
health-care services and the police would decline. Another option is for the
state to build more housing itself. In Singapore, a place where there is
practically no homelessness, 80% of residents live in government-built flats
which they buy at knock-down prices.
The
most effective reform, however, would be to make building more homes easier. The
problem of rough sleeping in Germany and Switzerland, two countries with
minimal real-house-price growth in recent decades, is less acute. Japan has
used its fair share of strong-arm policies to deal with the homeless, but then
it introduced a big urban reform in the early 2000s.
22．Why is George Orwell mentioned in paragraph 1
A．To show the rich life in Charing Cross.
B．In memory of the world-famous writer.
C．To show the condition of rough sleepers.
D．To introduce the topic of homelessness.
23．What may help reduce homelessness
A．Public drunkenness. B．Softer policing policies.
C．Lower housing costs. D．Giving beggars money.
24．Which country may have the fewest homeless people
A．Germany. B．Singapore. C．Switzerland. D．Japan.
25．What is the best title for the text
A．Ways to Reform Modern Society. B．Reasons to Cut Housing Costs.
C．How to Reduce Homelessness. D．Effects of Homelessness Rising.
【答案】22．D
23．C
24．B
25．C
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；社会现象类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了当前富裕国家中无家可归的问题以及如何减少无家可归者的一些方法。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
22．考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“Nine decades on and Charing Cross and the Embankment are once again full of rough sleepers, even during the coldest days of December. It is a pattern found in much of the rich world.”九十年过去了， 查林十字街和堤岸再一次挤满了露宿街头的人，即使是在最寒冷的12月。这是许多发达国家都存在的一种情况。可知本段引用乔治 奥威尔的话来引出当前富裕国家中无家可归的问题。故选D。
23．考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“Yet, most people believe tougher policies will ultimately do little if housing costs remain high. This is the underlying reason for rising homelessness. ”然而，大多数人认为，如果住房成本居高不下，更严格的政策最终收效甚微，这是无家可归者增多的根本原因。可知住房成本居高不下是无家可归者增多的根本原因，由此可推知降低住房成本有助于减少无家可归者。故选C。
24．考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“In Singapore, a place where there is practically no homelessness, 80% of residents live in government-built flats which they buy at knock-down prices. ”在新加坡这个几乎没有无家可归者的地方，80%的居民住在政府建造的公寓里，他们以极低的价格购买这些公寓；以及最后一段中的“The problem of rough sleeping in Germany and Switzerland, two countries with minimal real-house-price growth in recent decades, is less acute. Japan has used its fair share of strong-arm policies to deal with the homeless,”近几十年来，德国和瑞士这两个国家的房屋价格涨幅最小，但它们的露宿问题没有那么严重。日本在处理无家可归者的问题上使用了其应有的强硬政策，可知新加坡无家可归者最少。故选B。
25．考查主旨大意。根据第三段中的“These places offer lessons on how to reduce homelessness. ”这些地方提供了如何减少无家可归的课程；第四段中的“Yet, most people believe tougher policies will ultimately do little if housing costs remain high. This is the underlying reason for rising homelessness. So, the state can do something to help. ”然而，大多数人认为，如果住房成本居高不下，更严格的政策最终收效甚微，这是无家可归者增多的根本原因。所以，国家可以做一些事情来帮助解决；以及第五段中的“The most effective reform, however, would be to make building more homes easier.” 然而，最有效的改革应该是让建造更多住房变得更容易。可知本文讲述了减少世界最富裕的城市中无家可归者的一些方法。故选C。