第03讲 阅读理解——研究报告类说明文
目录
01 课标达标练
考向01考查研究报告problem--solution--result类
考向02 考查研究报告Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment, result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类
考向03 考查研究报告Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类
02 核心突破练
研究报告说明文创新练
03 真题溯源练
考向01考查研究报告problem--solution--result类
1.（2025·宁夏回族自治区银川一中月考）
Some studies estimate that by 2025, about 35.7 million Americans or 22% of the workforce will be remote workers. Now more people are choosing to welcome a location-independent, technology-enabled lifestyle that allows them to travel and work remotely. They are called digital nomads (数字游民), and the trend is becoming more and more widespread.
The growing popularity of this location-independent lifestyle has stimulated an interest in digital nomad visas. As a result, countries are introducing visa options to lure foreigners for extended stays. For example, Indonesia announced that the country is developing a new visa that would be effective for five years — longer than any other digital nomad visa currently available. The emergence of digital nomad visas signifies a progressive response to the rising demand for this new lifestyle.
Meanwhile, the conventional image of digital nomads is undergoing a transformation. Digital nomads used to be thought of as twenty-somethings backpacking from hostel to hostel, looking for anywhere they could plug in their laptop. But flexible work and homeschooling have helped introduce a new type of digital nomad that wants to see the world and create lasting memories with their families. It’s called the “anywhere worker”. Most anywhere workers can be found in high-tech jobs, with 61% working full-time. Almost half of people in this category are married, and, unlike the typical digital nomad, 70% are parents who take their families with them.
Consistent with the changing image of digital nomads, there is also a shift from valuing possessions to focusing on experiences. Millennils in particular, are fueling this trend. Rather than spending money on expensive watches or luxury cars, younger generations prefer to invest in experiences like concerts, rock climbing and traveling. According to one study, more than three in four Millennials would rather spend their hard-earned money on a thrilling experience or event over buying a product.
As remote work opportunities increase, the trend of living a digital nomadic lifestyle is expected to continue growing, allowing more individuals to pursue their dream lifestyles. Nevertheless, whether or not it will stand the test of time remains to be seen.
1．What makes remote work possible
A．The rise of digital nomads.
B．The technology advancement.
C．The availability of digital nomad visas.
D．The increased demand for work-life balance.
2．What does the underlined word “lure” mean in Paragraph 2
A．Request. B．Entertain. C．Fascinate. D．Guide.
3．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about
A．The shopping habits of Millennials.
B．The analysis of Millennials’ image.
C．The changing values of digital nomads.
D．The benefits of a digital nomadic lifestyle.
4．What is the author’s attitude towards digital nomads
A．Positive. B．Negative. C．Neutral. D．Ambiguous.
2.（2025·陕西省西安高新唐南中学第七次模拟）
The Evolution of Aerospace: Trends and Prospects
The aerospace industry is on the limit of a revolutionary era, driven by technological advancements, sustainability goals, and evolving geopolitical dynamics. As we approach 2025, several key trends are set to redefine this dynamic sector.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and autonomous systems are becoming deeply embedded in aerospace and defense. AI is enhancing air traffic control and flight management, optimizing (优先) light paths, and improving fuel efficiency. Autonomous aircraft, including drones and eVTOLs (electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing vehicles), are rapidly advancing. These innovations promise to revolutionize urban air mobility and military operations.
The industry is also focusing an reducing its environmental impact. Electric and hybrid-electric aircraft are being developed by companies like Airbus and Boeing. Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs) and advanced materials like carbon fiber composites (复合材料) are also gaining traction (拉力). These efforts aim to make air travel more eco-friendly.
Space remains a critical domain (领域) for both commercial and defense interests. Private companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin are driving the commercialization of space. By 2025, we can expect significant advancements in space tourism, satellite launches, and lunar exploration. Governments are also increasing their focus on space defense, developing anti-satellite weapons and missile defense systems.
Despite these advancements, the aerospace industry faces several challenges. Supply chain issues, workforce shortages, and geopolitical tensions are major concerns. However, the industry is adapting through AI-driven solutions, strategic partnerships and increased investment in cybersecurity.
By 2025, the aerospace industry will be shaped by the integration of AI, the commercialization of space, and a growing emphasis on sustainability. These trends will create new opportunities and challenges, requiring innovation and adaptability. As the industry navigates these changes, it will continue to play a crucial role in global security, economic development, and technological progress.
1．How is AI being used in the aerospace industry
A．To reduce the number of flights.
B．To optimize flight paths and improve fuel efficiency.
C．To replace human pilots completely.
D．To increase the cost of air travel.
2．Why is space defense becoming a top priority
A．Decreasing interest in satellite communication.
B．Reduction in commercial space activities.
C．Declining investment in space exploration.
D．Growing reliance on space-based facilities and rising threats.
3．What challenges does the aerospace industry face
A．Supply chain issues and workforce shortages.
B．Decreasing demand for air travel.
C．Lack of technological innovation.
D．Reduced investment in cybersecurity.
4．What is the author’s attitude towards the future of the aerospace industry
A．Skeptical. B．Pessimistic. C．Optimistic. D．Indifferent.
3.（2025·浙江省杭州市高三二模）
Most people see innovation as a flash of brilliance and Eureka, a new world is born. When Alexander Fleming returned to his lab in 1928, he found a bacteria culture he had grown was infected by fungus (霉菌), killing any colonies it touched. Rather than simply starting over, Fleming switched his focus to the fungus. He identified the bacteria-killing substance, which he called “penicillin”, and seemingly in a single stroke, created the new field of antibiotics. The truth, however, is messier. It wasn’t until 1943 that penicillin came into widespread use.
To put Fleming’s discovery in context, consider Ignaz Semmelweis, who pioneered hand washing in maternity wards (产房), significantly reducing childbed fever but receiving scorn instead of fame. That was because in the 1850s, his ideas conflicted with the popular miasma theory, which attributed disease to “bad airs”. After his death in 1865, germ theory was accepted, paving the way for Fleming’s later work.
Fleming was a gifted biologist but a poor communicator. When he published his results in 1929, few took notice. In 1935, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain discovered Fleming’s paper, understood its importance, and developed methods to produce penicillin in quantity. By 1943, with World War II raging, the War Production Board enlisted 21 companies to mass-produce penicillin, saving countless lives and ushering in the new age of antibiotics. Fleming, Florey and Chain received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945.
Penicillin owes much of its success to government support. For many other groundbreaking innovations like the Internet and GPS, their innovators, while carving their own path, are often uncertain of where the opportunity lies until they team up with other visionaries and corporations, who might have the resources to fast-track their ideas. So, look at any significant innovation and the myth of the lone genius and the “eureka moment” breaks down.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．An account of a lab story. B．Redefinition of a traditional view.
C．Correction of a popular misconception. D．An analysis of a scientific phenomenon.
2．What is the message conveyed about Fleming’s story
A．Great minds think alike.
B．The early bird catches the worm.
C．Luck’s got your back when it comes to success.
D．Early work is a steppingstone to later breakthroughs.
3．What does the underlined part “ushering in” mean in paragraph 3
A．Delaying. B．Introducing. C．Predicting. D．Transforming.
4．Which of the following can be the best title
A．Great Innovations: Individuals Are True Heroes.
B．From Failure to Success: The Story of Penicillin.
C．The Lone Genius: Fleming’s Discovery of Penicillin.
D．The Long Road to Penicillin: How Innovation Happens.
考向02 考查研究报告Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment, result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类
1.（2025届辽宁省沈阳市东北育才学校高三下学期适应性考试）
The future of space food could be simple and strange. For decades, astronauts have relied mostly on prepackaged food or the occasional grown vegetables during their visits to outer space. With missions beyond Earth’s orbit in sight, a NASA led competition is hoping to change all that and start a new era of sustainable space food.
To solve the problem of feeding astronauts on long duration missions, the US space agency started the Deep Space Food Challenge in January 2022, asking companies to propose novel ways to develop sustainable foods for future missions. About 200 companies entered, which were narrowed down to 11 teams in January 2023 as part of phase 2. On November 19, NASA announced the teams that will progress into the final phase of the competition, with some winners to be announced in March, 2025.
All teams had to show systems that could operate for three years and feed a crew of four on a future space mission. The proposals did not need to supply a crew’s entire diet, but they did need to create a variety of nutritious foods to the astronauts.
One company took an incredibly unusual approach to the task. Air Company, based in New York, designed a system that could use the carbon dioxide breathed out by astronauts in space to produce alcohol, which can then be fed to yeast (酵母) and produce “something that’s suitable for eating”. “It’s making food out of the air.” says Stafford Sheehan, co-founder and chief technology officer of Air Company, “It sounds like magic, but when you see it actually operating, it’s much more simple.”
Interstellar Lab in Florida had a different approach. Its system, called NUCLEUS, is a set of small capsules. Each is self-contained, with its own temperature, watering system, etc. That would allow different vegetables to be planted so that astronauts can easily grow their own food in space.
While the winning ideas from the Deep Space Food Challenge won’t immediately be used by astronauts, they show what might be possible on future missions. “You’ve got to start years in advance to make sure you have the capability in place when you need it,” says Ralph Fritsche, senior project manager for space crop production at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
1．Why was the Deep Space Food Challenge launched
A．To find tasty foods for astronauts.
B．To found a space food supply center.
C．To develop a new source of space food.
D．To attract astronauts to food exploration.
2．Which might be the requirement to become the winning company
A．Future space missions lasting three years.
B．Entire diets for long-lasting space research.
C．Concrete proposals involving a crew of four.
D．Sustainable supply of nutritious space foods.
3．What do paragraphs 4 and 5 focus on
A．Describing future space food.
B．Showing solutions from competing companies.
C．Introducing the current status of space food.
D．Explaining the nutritional needs of space food.
4．What is the most suitable title for the text
A．Astronauts produce more space food.
B．Space explorers face a lack of nutrition.
C．New types of space foods are on the way.
D．Future space missions last even longer.
2.（2025·安徽省合肥市第七中学高三第四次质检）
A global study comparing 2,062 birds finds that, in highly variable environments, birds tend to have either larger or smaller brains relative to their body size. Birds with smaller brains tend to use ecological strategies that are not available to big-brained ones. “The fact is that there are a great many species that do quite well with small brains,” said Trevor Fristoe, first author of the study from Washington University.
Previous studies had found general trends toward larger relative brain sizes at higher latitudes (纬度), where conditions are more variable. This new study is different because it looks at the full distribution of brain sizes across environments, allowing the researchers to test whether different sizes are over-or under-represented. They found that at higher latitudes, bird brains are significantly more likely to be either relatively large or relatively small compared to body size.
What was going on here Fristoe, born in Alaska, had a few ideas. He suggests that the Alaska state bird, the ptarmigan (雷鸟), might be a typical example of the small-brained species. Lovable though it is, it’s not exactly known for its smarts. The ptarmigan can, however, feed on branches and willow leaves.
“We find that small-brained species in these environments employ strategies that are unachievable with a large brain. These species are able to live on readily available but difficult to digest resources such as needles of conifers (针叶树), or even branches. These foods can be found even during extreme winter conditions, but they are fibrous and require a large gut (肠道) to digest,” Fristoe said. “Gut tissue, like brain tissue, is energetically demanding, and limited budgets mean that it is challenging to maintain a lot of both.”
“Brains are not evolving separately — they are part of a broader suite of adaptations that help creatures succeed in their lives,” said Carlos Botero, assistant professor of biology and co-author of the study. “Biologists, ourselves included, have historically believed that environmental variability drives the expansion of brain size. But when we take a broader view, we realize that other strategies also work — and remarkably, the alternative here involves making a brain actually smaller!”
1．How does Fristoe’ s research differ from previous studies
A．It arrives at a conflicting conclusion. B．It focuses on birds with smaller brains.
C．It covers a wider range of brain sizes. D．It reveals birds’ evolving processes.
2．What do we know about the ptarmigan
A．It is considered fairly intelligent. B．It has a powerful digesting system.
C．It has a relatively large body size. D．It has a selective feeding habit.
3．What can be inferred about smaller brains from Botero’s words
A．They are typical of independent evolution. B．They are a result of limited budgets.
C．They are not for variable environments. D．They are an effective survival strategy.
4．what can be a suitable title for the text
A．The Smaller the Brain, the Smarter B．Big Brains: Adapt to Higher Latitudes
C．Big Brains or Big Guts: Choose One D．Evolutions of Brain Size in Birds
3.（2025·河北省石家庄市普通高中毕业年级教学质量检测（三））
Scientists have been looking at DNA to store all types of data, not just biological, but also digital. Yet while DNA is a great storage material, it’s also quite delicate. Water or heat can damage it easily unless it’s given an amber-like (似琥珀) coating. That new idea was borrowed from the 1993movie Jurassic Park, in which scientists cloned dinosaurs from DNA trapped in amber.
DNA is the world’s oldest data storage device. The most amazing thing about DNA is that it can potentially be used to store any type of data. Putting information into DNA uses a process called encoding. “Your computer stores information in a binary format (二进制), zeroes and ones,” notes Karishma Matange, a computational biologist. “Encoding works to change these zeroes and ones into A, C, G and T, the DNA bases that can store information.” The order of the bases in DNA is called sequence (序列), which spells out the information it holds. To pull information back out from the DNA, you rewind the process.
Scientists can store DNA for long periods. But it requires freezing temperatures, special equipment and dangerous chemicals, which makes the process costly. James Banal, a scientist in San Carlos, California, and his team came up with a new method T-REX. His team uses this method to trap DNA in a material similar to plastic. “Plastics are durable.” Banal points out. Besides, T-REX is a cheap alternative to enclose DNA．
To test it, the team encoded the Jurassic Park theme music and a person’s genome into DNA．Then they put the DNA in the glassy plastic. Damp and heat are DNA’s biggest threats. But the T-REX material keeps damp out. The researchers heated it up to 75° Celsius. Later, they got the DNA by breaking the coating down. The best part, Banal says, is that the broken-down material can be reused to store DNA again.
Banal and his colleagues want to use the T-REX method to preserve genetic data or even safely store biological samples that will be launched into space. And we might one day use it to store the massive amounts of data people generate every day.
1．How is digital information stored into DNA
A．By turning binary code into DNA bases.
B．By freezing the DNA at low temperatures.
C．By coating the DNA with amber material.
D．By sequencing DNA from ancient samples.
2．What is the main advantage of the T-REX method for DNA storage
A．Breaking DNA down with chemicals.
B．Offering cost-effective storage of DNA．
C．Helping DNA survive extreme wetness.
D．Withdrawing whole DNA from dinosaurs.
3．What will the DNA storage technology be used for in the future
A．Cloning extinct dinosaurs. B．Reducing global plastic pollution.
C．Preserving diverse samples. D．Speeding future space exploration.
4．What’s the main idea of the text
A．A breakthrough in DNA data storage technology.
B．How digital technology advances DNA analysis.
C．The biological applications of DNA repairing system.
D．How Jurassic Park inspired DNA preservation research.
4.（2025·广东省深圳市罗湖外语学校期中）
Research led by the University of Leeds has found that children do better at primary school if their fathers regularly spend time with them on interactive engagement (互动式参与) activities like reading, playing, telling stories, drawing and singing.
Analyzing primary school test scores for five-and seven-year-olds, the researchers used a representative sample of nearly 5,000 mother-father households in England. According to the research, dads who regularly drew, played and read with their three-year-olds helped their children do better at school by age five. Dads being involved at age five also helped improve scores in seven-year-olds’ Key Stage Assessments.
Dr Helen Norman, who led the research, said, “Mothers still tend to assume the primary carer role and therefore tend to do the most childcare, but if fathers actively engage in childcare too, it significantly increases the likelihood of children getting better grades in primary school. This is why encouraging and supporting fathers in sharing childcare with the mother, from an early stage in the child's life, is critical. ”
Dads’ involvement impacted positively on their children’s school achievement regardless of the child's gender, ethnicity, age in the school year and household income, according to the research. There were different effects when moms and dads took part in the same activities - the data showed that moms had more of an impact on young children's emotional and social behaviors than educational achievement.
The researchers recommend that dads spare as much time as they can to engage in interactive activities with their children each week. For busy, working dads, even just ten minutes a day could potentially have educational benefits. They also recommend that schools and early years education providers routinely take both parents' contact details and develop strategies to engage fathers and keep a record of father-engagement.
Dr Jeremy Davies, who co-authored the report, said, “Our analysis has shown that fathers have an important, direct impact on their children’s learning. We should be recognizing this and actively finding ways to support dads in playing their part, rather than engaging only with mothers, or taking a gender-neutral approach. ”
1．How did the researchers conduct the study
A．By assessing parent-child relationships. B．By observing educational parent-child activities.
C．By classifying children's individual interests. D．By examining children’s academic performance.
2．What does Helen Norman try to tell us in Paragraph 3
A．Shared childcare is highly beneficial. B．Education starts from the family.
C．Children need a sense of belonging. D．Father excels in educating children.
3．Which of the following do the researchers recommend
A．Fathers reduce working hours. B．Schools involve fathers in children’s learning.
C．Mothers keep track of children's studies. D．Educators find ways to support mothers.
4．What is a suitable title for the text
A．The Shift in Parents’ Roles in Childcare. B．The Impact of Fathers on Children’s Education.
C．Mom vs. Dad: Who Influences Kids More D．Interactive Activities: How Do They Affect Kids’ Grades
5.（2025·江西省南昌市青山湖区江西师范大学附属中月考）
Teenagers who have close, secure relationships with their families are more likely to extend empathy (同理心) to their peers, according to a new study.
The study, conducted at the University of Virginia’s Adolescent Research Group, followed 174 adolescents from the ages of 14 to 18 to track their progress annually. At age 14, researchers interviewed the teens regarding their family relationships using a modified version of the Adult Attachment Interview, which is considered the “gold standard” of assessing one’s attachment state of mind. Jessica Stern, lead author of the study, said this motivated the teens to share descriptions and stories about their families. Researchers paid attention to not only what the teens said but also how they expressed it.
After these initial interviews, researchers went back to the participants at ages 16, 17 and 18 and observed their interactions with a close friend. The researchers noted how the participants responded when their friend presented a problem and revealed it to them, assessing the participants’ extension of empathy. Teens who had more secure family relationships showed higher empathy toward their friends at ages 16 and 17 than less secure teens. It’s not all bad news, though, because the less secure teens “caught up” in their empathic behavior by age 18. This is cause for hope, Stern said, because it may indicate that those empathic skills can develop over time for adolescents who don’t have great relationships at home. Having strong friendships or a trusted teacher might make an impact on insecure teens’ empathy.
More research is being conducted on this particular group of participants, who are now in their mid-30s. The researchers are interested in seeing how the empathic abilities they examined in the teens now shape their romantic relationships and parenting behavior as adults. Being able to pick up on other people’s emotions and see from their point of view is important “for a variety of other things that we consider success in the world,” Stern said.
For parents and even teachers, Stern advises understanding the necessity of empathy and really investing in relationships with teens. Providing models of empathic behavior, including treating others with kindness, respect and support, can help adolescents internalize that behavior.
1．What do we know about the research
A．It was a long-term study.
B．It revealed gender differences.
C．It involved big data analysis.
D．It explored problem-solving strategies.
2．What can be inferred about the less secure teens during the study
A．They showed a decline in empathy.
B．They became more eager for empathy.
C．They maintained consistent levels of empathy.
D．They initially struggled but improved in empathy.
3．What would help adolescents develop empathy according to the last paragraph
A．Demonstrating empathy in action.
B．Rewarding their progress in empathy.
C．Engaging them in classroom discussions.
D．Monitoring their interpersonal relationships.
4．What is the passage mainly about
A．The power of empathy for future success.
B．Teenagers’ empathy linked to family bonds.
C．The impact of friendship on adolescent empathy.
D．Attachment theory and teens’ empathy development.
6.（2025届北京市精华学校高三三模）
Rising global carbon dioxide levels tied to global warming may not be as crucial in determining the composition of plant communities as other localized climate changes.
“Nobody really knows what the increases in carbon dioxide are going to entail in terms of future changes in vegetation types,” said Mark Brenner, a University of Florida assistant professor of paleolimnology, the study of ancient lakes. “It looks like climate changes in different areas may be more important than carbon dioxide, at least carbon dioxide by itself,” he said.
Brenner’s research team based their conclusions on an analysis of sediment (沉积物) from two lake bottoms, one in northern Mexico and one in northern Guatemala. The researchers used new techniques that allowed them to analyze only the remains of land plants, specifically their leaf waxes. By measuring the isotope composition of the leaf waxes, the researchers were able to distinguish two broad categories of plants living in these areas — so-called C3 and C4 plants, which have different photosynthetic (光合作用的) processes, the process by which green plants turn carbon dioxide and water into food using energy from sunlight. Many C4 plants are tropical grasses, while most tropical trees are C3 plants. The researchers analyzed sediments deposited over the last 27,000 years, from the last ice age to the current geological period. Over this period, there was a worldwide, relatively uniform increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.
Brenner said that if carbon dioxide played the major role in determining plant composition, one would assume that analysis of the sediments would reveal very similar changes in relative abundance of C3 and C4 plants in the two places over the study period. But, in fact, the researchers found that trends in the two types of plants were different at the two locations. The changes were related not with carbon dioxide levels, but with shifts in rainfall. “The result appears to be that climate factors, especially moisture availability, determine whether C4 or C3 plants dominate in an area, not carbon dioxide,” Brenner said.
Many scientists believe global warming will cause major variation in local climates worldwide, with some wet areas becoming dry and dry areas becoming wet. If that happens, it could have more impact on relative C3 versus C4 plant distribution than the rising carbon dioxide levels.
1．What can be inferred in the first paragraph
A．Climate change affects plant community composition more than rising CO2 levels.
B．Localized climate shifts may not be as crucial as carbon dioxide.
C．Nobody knows which one is important.
D．Carbon dioxide levels is crucial to the global warming.
2．According to the third paragraph, which one is NOT true
A．Tropical grasses are usually C4 plants.
B．C3 and C4 plants used to live in northern Mexico and Guatemala.
C．C3 and C4 plants don’t have the same processes.
D．Tropical trees are all C3 plants.
3．Why were trends in C3 and C4 plants different at the two locations
A．The assumption that carbon dioxide played the major role is wrong.
B．The carbon dioxide played an important role.
C．The moisture availability was different.
D．The carbon dioxide level was different.
4．What’s the main idea of the passage
A．Climates factors determine the plant distribution and composition of plant communities.
B．Global warming will cause major variation.
C．How has Brenner’s research team proved a truth.
D．C3 and C4 plants are important plants in determining the composition of plant communities.
7.（2025届重庆市高三下5月全真模拟）
The boom of artificial intelligence has sparked a wave of new possibilities, but it’s also causing fears among many Americans about their jobs. Recent surveys indicate growing public anxiety, with 51% of Americans expressing concern that AI might replace human jobs, which reflects the groundbreaking power of AI across various industries.
Research highlights notable differences in perception between experts and the general public. While 73% of respondents believe cashier positions will decline due to AI, and 67% anticipate reductions in factory jobs, opinions vary sharply regarding truck drivers. Only 33% of the public foresees job losses in this sector, compared to 62% of Al experts who predict substantial impacts. This gap suggests that the public may underestimate Al's potential to disrupt certain professions.
A crucial distinction exists between traditional automation and modern Al capabilities. As Molly Kinder from the Brookings Institution says, some of these opinions are confusing old automation with what generative AI can do. “Generative AI is not your grandparents’ automation. It’s moving up the skill chain... in ways I don’t think the public is fully aware of.” Unlike earlier technologies that primarily affected manufacturing, contemporary AI can perform complex cognitive tasks such as document analysis, legal research, and financial forecasting — functions traditionally associated with white-collar professionals.
Studies identify several vulnerable sectors, including office administration, legal services, and financial operations. However, researchers caution against simplistic predictions of job elimination (淘汰). Mark Muro, co-author of a Brookings report, notes, “AI is more likely to transform jobs than replace them entirely.” This perspective suggests that while certain tasks may be automated, new opportunities for human-AI collaboration may emerge.
The adoption of AI has been slower than expected in regulated fields like healthcare and law, where human judgment remains crucial. Nevertheless, as MIT professor Eric So observes, “AI’s capabilities are evolving at an unprecedented pace.” From basic chatbots to sophisticated decision-making systems, AI continues to reshape the workplace, creating both challenges and possibilities that society must carefully navigate.
1．Which profession shows the largest difference in perception
A．Cashiers. B．Truck drivers.
C．Factory workers. D．Legal professionals.
2．What does Molly Kinder emphasize about generative AI
A．It is limited to simple repetitive tasks. B．It primarily affects manufacturing jobs.
C．It can perform complex cognitive tasks. D．It has been widely adopted in healthcare.
3．What is Mark Muro’s view on AI's impact on jobs
A．AI will create more jobs than it eliminates.
B．AI is likely to shift rather than replace jobs.
C．AI will completely replace human workers.
D．AI will have no significant impact on employment.
4．What is the author’s attitude towards the development of AI
A．Objective. B．Supportive.
C．Dismissive. D．Doubtful.
考向03 考查研究报告Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类
1.（2025·安徽省阜阳市第三中学期中）
It’s common to hear that being “emotional” is opposite from being “rational (理性的)”. For many people, there is no place for emotion in rational thinking. However, some recent work from our lab suggests something opposite.
We found that individuals who score higher on tests of intelligence and rationality don’t ignore (忽略) emotions. Instead, they pay more attention to emotions and are better at recognizing and understanding emotions. This is because most intelligent decision-making requires emotional information. Emotions tell us what we want, and we can’t make smart decisions without first knowing what our goals are.
For example, as a mother, if I want to make my children happy, and I know they like video games, it would make sense for me to buy them a video game. But, if I instead want them to stay focused on homework, then it wouldn’t make sense for me to buy them the video game. You can see from this example that a rational decision can’t be made unless I know various pieces of emotional information.
Anticipating others’ emotions may help us be more effective leaders — allowing us to predict the way people will respond to what we say or do. Anticipating our own emotions can also make for much more effective long-term decisions. For example, if I predict I will feel anxious before giving a public speech, I might be inspired to practice a few more times. If I instead simply ignored my anxiety, chances are that I’d be more disturbed on stage, and my speech wouldn’t go smoothly.
Of course, it’s important to find out situations where emotional influences may not be helpful as well. Here, individuals who score higher on rationality tests may be better at reflecting on whether an emotion will be helpful or not in a given situation. They can then make their decision after giving it deeper consideration. For example, expressing too much anger or sadness to your boss when you don’t get an promotion (晋升) may not be in your best interest.
In general, if we want to be rational and make the best decisions, we should desire as much information as we can get and information about emotions can often be especially useful.
1．What is a widespread opinion about emotions and rationality
A．Rationality can develop emotional intelligence.
B．Emotions help to make rational decisions.
C．They play opposite roles in thinking processes.
D．Rationality is more important than emotions in decision-making.
2．Why does the author mention the example in Paragraph 3
A．To show the process of decision-making. B．To tell us the harm of ignoring emotions.
C．To draw the line between rationality and emotions. D．To show the importance of emotional information.
3．What should be done to make the best of emotions according to Paragraph 5
A．Recognizing their usefulness. B．Reflecting on the possible effect.
C．Completing the rationality tests. D．Thinking about various situations.
4．What does the author suggest for making wise decisions
A．gaining enough information. B．Putting rationality at the first place.
C．Trusting direct feelings. D．Seeking expert advice.
2.（2025·安徽省蚌埠市A层高中第一次联考）
London-based startup Brilliant Planet has rented 6,100 hectares of land in southern Morocco, situated between the Atlantc Ocean and the Sahara. And it’s using it to grow algae (藻类), which absorbs atmospheric carbon dioxide and sends out oxygen.
Brilliant Planet’s CEO Adam Taylor says the company has developed a way to grow algae at extreme rates starting in a glass cup in a lab and ending in 12,000-square-meter pools of locally-sourced seawater. The algae is obtained from the water then pumped up a 10-story tower and sprayed into the desert air. In the 30 seconds or so it takes to reach the ground, hot air dries the biomass (生物质) out, leaving hypersaline (超盐的) algae pieces which can be collected and shallow buried, sequestering (使隔绝) their carbon for thousands of years.
“Nature-based solutions are a great way of removing carbon,” Taylor said. “Deserts are an underused environment. It does not cost a lot of money to rent the desert. What’s more, you’re not competing with farms or forests. You’re out of the way, not bothering people.”
Taylor claims that Brilliant Planet’s solution can permanently remove 30 times more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere per hectare per year than a typical European forest. Brilliant Planet’s goal is to remove one million metric tons of carbon dioxide per year by the end of the decade.“Globally, we’ve identified about half a million square kilometers of flat desert-ocean land where it works,” Taylor said, adding that the company hopes to set up in Namibia next.
Fatna Ikrame El Fanne, an environmental engineer, described the use of algae as “a new and promising strategy” that “is a typical example of innovative use of natural process to address an urgent global issue.” Nevertheless, she expressed caution. “Microalgae production on a large scale might damage local ecosystems, lead to overuse of water resources, and change habitats,” she said.
There’s an acknowledgement that one company can’t do it all — and can’t go it alone. “We are part of a group of probably 40 to 50 wonderful ideas of how people can remove carbon from the atmosphere,” Taylor said, calling for “a Manhattan Project-type attitude” to tackling carbon capture. Whether algae is the solution the world needs remains to be seen. But the idea’s growing on people.
1．What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us about Brilliant Planet
A．Its establishment of an algae plant.
B．Its method of growing algae.
C．Its process of carbon capture.
D．Its daily routine in the desert.
2．What advantage did Taylor highlight about using deserts for carbon removal
A．Huge profits.
B．High temperature.
C．No occupation of rich land.
D．No biodiversity concerns.
3．What can be inferred about the use of algae from El Fanne’s words
A．It needs improving.
B．It is highly efficient.
C．It is not worth promoting.
D．It is commercially developed.
4．Why is “a Manhattan Project- type attitude” mentioned in the last paragraph
A．To highlight the challenges of carbon removal.
B．To recognize the contributions of Brilliant Planet.
C．To prove the effectiveness of nature-based solutions.
D．To emphasize the necessity of joint efforts.
3.（2025届广西南宁市第四十二中学高三下学期高考热身）
Eating a plant-based diet has been shown to be very good for your heart and your overall health. In fact, a previous study found a young person could live an additional 13 years by eating more vegetables and legumes (豆类), as well as whole grains, fruit and nuts.
The findings of a new analysis of the diets of nearly 400,000 UK adults published Monday in the journal Frontiers in Nutrition are rather shocking: Eating veggies, especially cooked ones, doesn’t reduce your risk of heart disease over time.
“Our large study did not find evidence for a protective effect of vegetable intake on the occurrence of CVD (心血管疾病),” said Qi Feng, an epidemiologist at the University of Oxford, in a statement.
While the study found eating raw veggies could protect against heart disease, cooked vegetables did not. Any benefit went away when researchers factored in lifestyle factors such as physical activity, educational level, smoking, drinking, fruit intake, red and processed meat consumption, and use of mineral and vitamin supplements.
“Instead, our analyses show that the seemingly protective effect of vegetable intake against CVD risk is very likely to be accounted for by bias (偏差)… related to differences in socioeconomic situation and lifestyle,” Feng said.
Don’t start celebrating yet, veggie haters. Experts in the UK and United States quickly took exception to the study’s conclusion.
“Although this study found that eating more vegetables wasn’t associated with a lower risk of heart and circulatory diseases once other lifestyle and other factors were taken into account, that doesn’t mean we should stop eating vegetables,” said Victoria Taylor, a senior dietitian at the British Heart Foundation, in a statement.
“The results are not surprising. Picking out one single component and assuming just adding it to the diet, e.g., vegetables, is not likely to result in the desired effect,” Alice Lichtenstein, director and senior scientist at Tufts University’s Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, told CNN in an email.
“One thing that has become clear over the past decade is that we should not be looking at single foods or nutrients, rather the whole dietary pattern,” said Lichtenstein.
1．What can we learn from the new study led by Feng
A．It followed a young UK person for 13 years.
B．Its findings came as no surprise to other people.
C．It overturned the conclusion of previous studies.
D．Its purpose was to find the right vegetables for people.
2．What did Feng imply about vegetables’ protective effect
A．It was totally made up by some researchers.
B．It still held true despite some different findings.
C．It could only be achieved by living a healthy lifestyle.
D．It was a misconception caused by differences in people.
3．What does the underlined phrase “take exception to” in Paragraph 6 mean
A．Voice objections to. B．Add details to.
C．Show respect for. D．Take notice of.
4．What did Lichtenstein think of the study
A．It was groundbreaking. B．It was one-sided.
C．It was demanding. D．It was authoritative.
4.（2025届湖北省襄阳市第五中学高三下学期适应性考试（五））
A psychological concept called “false consensus effect” helps explain why kind people sometimes harm the environment. In psychology, the false consensus effect is a cognitive bias (偏见) where a person tends to overestimate how much other people agree with him or her. There is a tendency for people to assume that their own improper habits or acts are “normal”. And most importantly, they believe others think the same way that they do. Put simply, if you’re doing something (even if you secretly know you probably shouldn’t), you’re more likely to think plenty of other people do it too.
This bias allows people to justify socially unacceptable or illegal behaviors. Researchers have observed the false consensus effect in drug use and illegal hunting. More recently, conservationists are beginning to reveal how this effect contributes to environmental damage. In Australia, people who admitted poaching, a way of fishing in no-take zones, thought it was much more common in society than it really was. They also believed others viewed it as socially acceptable. However, in reality, more than 90% of fishers held the opposite view.
Just as concepts from psychology can help explain some forms of environmental damage, so can they help address it. For example, research shows people are more likely to litter in areas where there’s already a lot of trash scattered around, so making sure the ground around a bin is clean may help.
Factual information on how other people think and behave can be very powerful. Electricity companies have substantially reduced household energy use simply by showing people how their electricity use compares to that of their neighbors. Encouragingly, stimulating people’s natural desire for status has also been successful in getting people to publicly buy eco-friendly products.
1．Which example best illustrates “false consensus effect”
A．A driver thinks illegal parking is common.
B．A blogger assumes many people dislike his posts.
C．A student figures most people spend long hours online.
D．A smoker believes people generally approve of smoking.
2．What was most Australian fishers’ attitude to poaching
A．Unacceptable. B．Widespread. C．Controversial. D．Complex.
3．How have electricity companies reduced energy consumption
A．By comparing power consumption. C． By offering financial rewards.
B．By doing round-the-clock monitoring. D．By promoting renewable energy.
4．What is the primary purpose of this article
A．To encourage people to reduce energy consumption.
B．To link a psychological concept to environmental issues.
C．To emphasize the importance of environmental protection.
D．To describe different types of environmentally harmful behaviors.
研究报告说明文创新练
1.（2025·广西名校高三联合调研测）
The growing presence of space debris (碎片) in low Earth orbit (LEO)poses a significant threat to satellites and other orbiting assets. Consequently, the concern about destructive collisions (碰撞) and the potential for debris reentry to Earth’s atmosphere has intensified. Researchers are turning to artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to address these challenges to enhance debris removal, collision prediction, and orbit management strategies.
One approach described in a paper presented at the 2nd near-Earth object (NEO) and Debris Detection Conference earlier this year, involves using a “genetic” algorithm (算法) to monitor the motion of space debris. Researchers aim to improve the capture and removal processes by focusing on slower-moving objects. Additionally, neural networks are being developed to predict and reduce collisions in LEO. These networks are trained on historical data to identify space debris Motion patterns and predict future paths, enabling effective collision-avoidance movements for active space missions and orbiting satellites.
Historical statistics and predictive modeling have shown that the risk of such collisions is significantly higher in LEO compared to medium Earth orbit (MEO). However, it is crucial to acknowledge the limitations of AI-based approaches, as they assume that future conditions are similar to present ones, potentially ignoring critical variables such as atmospheric density.
To address these limitations, constantly adding real-time information and updating is essential for improving the adaptability of AI models. By incorporating new debris detections and orbital changes, algorithms can better adapt to the ever-changing spatial environment. Balancing the use of AI with a comprehensive understanding of the uncertainties and challenges in space debris management will be vital for ensuring the long-term sustainability of LEO.
Overall, integrating AI into space debris monitoring, removal, and collision avoidance strategies holds promise for safeguarding satellite operations and maintaining the charming beauty of photos from LEO. However, it is essential to remain cautious of these technologies’ limitations and unknowns and continually improve and update them with real-world data to enhance their effectiveness.
1．What is one of the concerns regarding space debris in LEO
A．The cost of debris removal. B．The effect on space exploration.
C．The risk of disastrous collisions. D．The damage to the space environment.
2．How can neural networks help with space debris management
A．By creating predictive models. B．By employing genetic algorithms.
C．By monitoring fast-moving objects. D．By speeding up the capture process.
3．What is crucial for dealing with the limitations of AI-based approaches
A．Regularly testing its adaptability.
B．Continuously integrating live data.
C．Studying past and present space conditions.
D．Reducing uncertainties in debris management.
4．What is the author’s general attitude toward Al-based approaches
A．Resistant. B．Skeptical. C．Dismissive. D．Favorable.
2.（2025·四川省南充市高级中学月考）
Food is key to our daily functions by fueling our activity and supporting our bodies and minds. In space, where astronauts face extreme environmental and physical changes, the need for safe, nutritious and energy- laden food is particularly vital to overall health.
Space food must provide enough energy to fuel astronauts on their demanding missions, according to NASA．In microgravity (low gravity state that makes astronauts appear to be weightless) environments, proper nutrition can fight against the resulting degradation of bones and muscles. For example, vitamins D, K and C aid in synthesizing (合成) calcium into bone. Meanwhile, dietary supplements like iron, omega-3 fatty acids and B12 can make up for dietary insufficiency.
After decades of nutritional studies and food technology advancements, NASA has moved focus away from supplements and dietary formulas (配方) toward providing as many nutrients from fruits and vegetables as possible. However, it can be difficult to rely heavily on fruits and vegetables as a space food source because they don’t contain many calories. This poses an issue for spaceflight, where cargo (货物) room is precious.
NASA can’t merely consider health when designing space food, though. The nutritional value of a meal only goes so far if it doesn’t appeal to astronauts. Rather, Grace Douglas, the lead scientist for NASA’s Advanced Food Technology research group, and her colleagues aim to offer astronauts several meal. options to avoid menu fatigue (疲劳). Such variety also provides psychological health benefits.“ Food becomes more important with mission duration because it’s one of the only familiar things that they have, ” Douglas says.
As space organizations look ahead to. long- duration missions, it will be key to craft a sustainable food source that doesn’t require resupply missions. To achieve this, NASA scientists are studying the best ways to grow crops in microgravity. On the International Space Station, astronauts have successfully grow n a variety of leafy greens and flowers in the Vegetable Production System, known as Veggie. Eating a fresh leafy green could help astronauts feel connected with the distant green planet they call home.
1．What is the second paragraph mainly about
A．The importance of space food design. B．The challenges for astronauts in space.
C．The general requirements for space food. D．The impact of microgravity on astronauts.
2．How do Douglas’s team enhance astronauts’ dining experience
A．They make food look appealing. B．They rearrange the menu schedule.
C．They provide multiple food choices. D．They conduct taste tests on astronauts.
3．What can astronauts expect from Veggie
A．A supplement to the oxygen supply.
B．Supply of psychological comfort
C．Enhancement of the nutritional quality.
D．An improvement in communication with Earth.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．How do astronauts eat in space
B．What makes space food so special
C．What space food will we have in the future
D．How do scientists build the best diet for astronauts
1.【2024全国甲卷】Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
4. What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph
A. It's a survival skill. B. It's taught by mother cats.
C. It's hard to interpret. D. It's getting louder with age.
5. How does a pet cat assess different situations
A. By listening for sounds. B. By touching familiar objects.
C. By checking on smells. D. By communicating with other cats.
6. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3
A. Perform appropriately. B. Move faster. C. Act strangely. D. Do better.
7. What is a suitable title for the text
A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
2.【2023年北京卷】In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.
It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires.
These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others.One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline.
As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically.
28. The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________.
A. draw a comparison
B. introduce a topic
C. evaluate a statement
D. highlight a problem
29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A. Climate change has been forgotten.
B. Lessons of history are highly valued.
C. The human mind is bad at noting slow change.
D. Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings.
30. What does the author intend to tell us
A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans.
B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices.
C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making.
D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires.
3.【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious， yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.
4. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story
A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times.
C. We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food.
5. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test
A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm.
C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.
6. What does Curtin’s company do
A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.
7. What does Curtin suggest people do
A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption.
C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.
4.【2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately. "
"Big change requires big ideas. " he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone. "
8. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US
A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary.
C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair.
9. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out
A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone.
C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
10. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
11. What is a suitable title for the text
A. To Drive or Not to Drive Think Before You Start
B. Texting and Driving Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer-
5.【2022年北京卷】“What would the world be if there were no hunger ” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.
Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system.
Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良 )people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known.This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.
A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress (修正 ) such power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems approach.
More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”.
28. The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________.
A. illustrate an argument B. highlight an opinion
C. introduce the topic D. predict the ending
29. What can be inferred about the field of nutrition
A. The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved.
B. The relationships among players have been clarified.
C. Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem.
D. The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified.
30. As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with
A. It may be used to justify power imbalance.
B. It can be applied to tackle challenges.
C. It helps to prove why hunger exists.
D. It goes beyond human imagination.
6.【2022年浙江卷6月】Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.
In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional ways of viewing problems across fields the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to lower job performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.
How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that value relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says Art Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift mood(情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in way第03讲 阅读理解——研究报告类说明文
目录
01 课标达标练
考向01考查研究报告problem--solution--result类
考向02 考查研究报告Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment, result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类
考向03 考查研究报告Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类
02 核心突破练
研究报告说明文创新练
03 真题溯源练
考向01考查研究报告problem--solution--result类
1.（2025·宁夏回族自治区银川一中月考）
Some studies estimate that by 2025, about 35.7 million Americans or 22% of the workforce will be remote workers. Now more people are choosing to welcome a location-independent, technology-enabled lifestyle that allows them to travel and work remotely. They are called digital nomads (数字游民), and the trend is becoming more and more widespread.
The growing popularity of this location-independent lifestyle has stimulated an interest in digital nomad visas. As a result, countries are introducing visa options to lure foreigners for extended stays. For example, Indonesia announced that the country is developing a new visa that would be effective for five years — longer than any other digital nomad visa currently available. The emergence of digital nomad visas signifies a progressive response to the rising demand for this new lifestyle.
Meanwhile, the conventional image of digital nomads is undergoing a transformation. Digital nomads used to be thought of as twenty-somethings backpacking from hostel to hostel, looking for anywhere they could plug in their laptop. But flexible work and homeschooling have helped introduce a new type of digital nomad that wants to see the world and create lasting memories with their families. It’s called the “anywhere worker”. Most anywhere workers can be found in high-tech jobs, with 61% working full-time. Almost half of people in this category are married, and, unlike the typical digital nomad, 70% are parents who take their families with them.
Consistent with the changing image of digital nomads, there is also a shift from valuing possessions to focusing on experiences. Millennils in particular, are fueling this trend. Rather than spending money on expensive watches or luxury cars, younger generations prefer to invest in experiences like concerts, rock climbing and traveling. According to one study, more than three in four Millennials would rather spend their hard-earned money on a thrilling experience or event over buying a product.
As remote work opportunities increase, the trend of living a digital nomadic lifestyle is expected to continue growing, allowing more individuals to pursue their dream lifestyles. Nevertheless, whether or not it will stand the test of time remains to be seen.
1．What makes remote work possible
A．The rise of digital nomads.
B．The technology advancement.
C．The availability of digital nomad visas.
D．The increased demand for work-life balance.
2．What does the underlined word “lure” mean in Paragraph 2
A．Request. B．Entertain. C．Fascinate. D．Guide.
3．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about
A．The shopping habits of Millennials.
B．The analysis of Millennials’ image.
C．The changing values of digital nomads.
D．The benefits of a digital nomadic lifestyle.
4．What is the author’s attitude towards digital nomads
A．Positive. B．Negative. C．Neutral. D．Ambiguous.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了数字游民现象的兴起，数字游民签证应运而生，数字游民的形象从年轻背包客演变为更广泛的“随地工作者”，观念也发生了改变。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Now more people are choosing to welcome a location-independent, technology-enabled lifestyle that allows them to travel and work remotely. (现在，越来越多的人选择了一种与地点无关的、技术支持的生活方式，这种生活方式允许他们远程旅行和工作。)”可知，技术进步使远程工作成为可能。故选B项。
2．词句猜测题。根据画线词所在句中“As a result, countries are introducing visa options…(因此，各国纷纷推出签证选项……)”再结合画线词所在句前一句“The growing popularity of this location-independent lifestyle has stimulated an interest in digital nomad visas.(这种不依赖地点的生活方式越来越受欢迎，激发了人们对数字游牧民签证的兴趣。)”提到不受地域限制的生活方式日益普及，激发了人们对数字游民签证的兴趣，可推测出一些国家纷纷推出数字游民签证的目的是吸引外国人延长逗留时间，故推断lure意为“吸引”的意思，和选项C项Fascinate“吸引”意思一致。故选C项。
3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Consistent with the changing image of digital nomads, there is also a shift from valuing possessions to focusing on experiences. Millennils in particular, are fueling this trend. Rather than spending money on expensive watches or luxury cars, younger generations prefer to invest in experiences like concerts, rock climbing and traveling. According to one study, more than three in four Millennials would rather spend their hard-earned money on a thrilling experience or event over buying a product.(与数字游民形象的变化相一致的是，他们也从重视财产转向关注体验。千禧一代尤其助长了这一趋势。比起把钱花在昂贵的手表或豪车上，年轻一代更喜欢投资于音乐会、攀岩和旅行等体验。根据一项研究，超过四分之三的千禧一代宁愿把辛苦赚来的钱花在令人兴奋的体验或活动上，而不是购买产品。)”可知，本段讲述了数字游民开始从重视物质向关注经历转变，特别强调了千禧一代更加注重体验生活。所以，本段主要讲的是数字游民价值观的变化。故选C项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“As remote work opportunities increase, the trend of living a digital nomadic lifestyle is expected to continue growing, allowing more individuals to pursue their dream lifestyles. Nevertheless, whether or not it will stand the test of time remains to be seen.(随着远程工作机会的增加，数字游牧生活方式的趋势预计将继续增长，让更多的人追求他们梦想的生活方式。然而，它能否经受住时间的考验还有待观察。)”可知，作者虽肯定数字游民生活有助于年轻人逐梦，但同时也表明要时间来表明其是否能经得起考验，由此可推知，作者对数字游民的态度是中立的。故选C项。
2.（2025·陕西省西安高新唐南中学第七次模拟）
The Evolution of Aerospace: Trends and Prospects
The aerospace industry is on the limit of a revolutionary era, driven by technological advancements, sustainability goals, and evolving geopolitical dynamics. As we approach 2025, several key trends are set to redefine this dynamic sector.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and autonomous systems are becoming deeply embedded in aerospace and defense. AI is enhancing air traffic control and flight management, optimizing (优先) light paths, and improving fuel efficiency. Autonomous aircraft, including drones and eVTOLs (electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing vehicles), are rapidly advancing. These innovations promise to revolutionize urban air mobility and military operations.
The industry is also focusing an reducing its environmental impact. Electric and hybrid-electric aircraft are being developed by companies like Airbus and Boeing. Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs) and advanced materials like carbon fiber composites (复合材料) are also gaining traction (拉力). These efforts aim to make air travel more eco-friendly.
Space remains a critical domain (领域) for both commercial and defense interests. Private companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin are driving the commercialization of space. By 2025, we can expect significant advancements in space tourism, satellite launches, and lunar exploration. Governments are also increasing their focus on space defense, developing anti-satellite weapons and missile defense systems.
Despite these advancements, the aerospace industry faces several challenges. Supply chain issues, workforce shortages, and geopolitical tensions are major concerns. However, the industry is adapting through AI-driven solutions, strategic partnerships and increased investment in cybersecurity.
By 2025, the aerospace industry will be shaped by the integration of AI, the commercialization of space, and a growing emphasis on sustainability. These trends will create new opportunities and challenges, requiring innovation and adaptability. As the industry navigates these changes, it will continue to play a crucial role in global security, economic development, and technological progress.
1．How is AI being used in the aerospace industry
A．To reduce the number of flights.
B．To optimize flight paths and improve fuel efficiency.
C．To replace human pilots completely.
D．To increase the cost of air travel.
2．Why is space defense becoming a top priority
A．Decreasing interest in satellite communication.
B．Reduction in commercial space activities.
C．Declining investment in space exploration.
D．Growing reliance on space-based facilities and rising threats.
3．What challenges does the aerospace industry face
A．Supply chain issues and workforce shortages.
B．Decreasing demand for air travel.
C．Lack of technological innovation.
D．Reduced investment in cybersecurity.
4．What is the author’s attitude towards the future of the aerospace industry
A．Skeptical. B．Pessimistic. C．Optimistic. D．Indifferent.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了2025年前航空航天业的三大趋势及其挑战，指出该行业将通过创新适应变化，继续推动全球安全与经济进步。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“AI is enhancing air traffic control and flight management, optimizing (优先) light paths, and improving fuel efficiency. (AI正在提升空中交通管制和飞行管理，优化飞行路径，并提高燃油效率)”可知，AI被应用于优化飞行路径和提高燃油效率。故选B项。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Governments are also increasing their focus on space defense, developing anti-satellite weapons and missile defense systems. (政府正加强关注太空防御，研发反卫星武器和导弹防御系统)”可知，政府研发武器和防御系统来加强太空防御，由此推知，太空防御成为当务之急是因为对太空设施依赖加深及新兴威胁。故选D项。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Supply chain issues, workforce shortages, and geopolitical tensions are major concerns. (供应链问题、劳动力短缺和地缘政治紧张是主要忧虑)”可知，航空航天业面临的挑战包括供应链问题和劳动力短缺。故选A项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“By 2025, the aerospace industry will be shaped by the integration of AI, the commercialization of space, and a growing emphasis on sustainability. These trends will create new opportunities and challenges, requiring innovation and adaptability. As the industry navigates these changes, it will continue to play a crucial role in global security, economic development, and technological progress. (到2025年，人工智能的深度融合、太空商业化进程加速以及对可持续发展的日益重视将重塑航空航天产业格局。这些趋势在创造新机遇的同时也带来了全新挑战，要求行业以创新思维和灵活适应性应对变革。在转型过程中，该产业将继续为全球安全体系、经济发展与技术进步发挥不可替代的关键作用)”可知，作者关注的是航空航天业的机遇与持续影响力，这表明他对行业未来持积极乐观的态度。故选C项。
3.（2025·浙江省杭州市高三二模）
Most people see innovation as a flash of brilliance and Eureka, a new world is born. When Alexander Fleming returned to his lab in 1928, he found a bacteria culture he had grown was infected by fungus (霉菌), killing any colonies it touched. Rather than simply starting over, Fleming switched his focus to the fungus. He identified the bacteria-killing substance, which he called “penicillin”, and seemingly in a single stroke, created the new field of antibiotics. The truth, however, is messier. It wasn’t until 1943 that penicillin came into widespread use.
To put Fleming’s discovery in context, consider Ignaz Semmelweis, who pioneered hand washing in maternity wards (产房), significantly reducing childbed fever but receiving scorn instead of fame. That was because in the 1850s, his ideas conflicted with the popular miasma theory, which attributed disease to “bad airs”. After his death in 1865, germ theory was accepted, paving the way for Fleming’s later work.
Fleming was a gifted biologist but a poor communicator. When he published his results in 1929, few took notice. In 1935, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain discovered Fleming’s paper, understood its importance, and developed methods to produce penicillin in quantity. By 1943, with World War II raging, the War Production Board enlisted 21 companies to mass-produce penicillin, saving countless lives and ushering in the new age of antibiotics. Fleming, Florey and Chain received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945.
Penicillin owes much of its success to government support. For many other groundbreaking innovations like the Internet and GPS, their innovators, while carving their own path, are often uncertain of where the opportunity lies until they team up with other visionaries and corporations, who might have the resources to fast-track their ideas. So, look at any significant innovation and the myth of the lone genius and the “eureka moment” breaks down.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．An account of a lab story. B．Redefinition of a traditional view.
C．Correction of a popular misconception. D．An analysis of a scientific phenomenon.
2．What is the message conveyed about Fleming’s story
A．Great minds think alike.
B．The early bird catches the worm.
C．Luck’s got your back when it comes to success.
D．Early work is a steppingstone to later breakthroughs.
3．What does the underlined part “ushering in” mean in paragraph 3
A．Delaying. B．Introducing. C．Predicting. D．Transforming.
4．Which of the following can be the best title
A．Great Innovations: Individuals Are True Heroes.
B．From Failure to Success: The Story of Penicillin.
C．The Lone Genius: Fleming’s Discovery of Penicillin.
D．The Long Road to Penicillin: How Innovation Happens.
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过讲述青霉素的发现、早期未受重视、后续量产推广的过程，结合塞麦尔维斯在产房推行洗手却遭冷遇的例子，揭示重大创新并非是某个天才“灵光一闪”的产物，而是多方面因素共同作用的结果。
1．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Most people see innovation as a flash of brilliance and Eureka, a new world is born. When Alexander Fleming returned to his lab in 1928, he found a bacteria culture he had grown was infected by fungus (霉菌), killing any colonies it touched. Rather than simply starting over, Fleming switched his focus to the fungus. He identified the bacteria-killing substance, which he called “penicillin”, and seemingly in a single stroke, created the new field of antibiotics. The truth, however, is messier. It wasn’t until 1943 that penicillin came into widespread use. (大多数人将创新视为灵光一现的“尤里卡时刻”（即灵感突现的瞬间），仿佛一声“尤里卡”，新世界便随之诞生。1928年，亚历山大 弗莱明回到实验室时，发现自己培养的细菌培养基被霉菌污染，而霉菌所到之处，细菌菌落均被杀死。他没有简单地从头再来，而是将研究重点转向了这种霉菌。他鉴定出了这种杀菌物质，并将其命名为“青霉素”——看似一蹴而就间，他开创了抗生素这一全新领域。但事实远比这复杂。直到1943年，青霉素才得以广泛应用。)”可知，在第一段中，作者先指出大众对创新的普遍认知，随后通过弗莱明发现青霉素的例子，用“however”转折强调“事实远比这复杂”，即纠正了人们对创新过程的误解。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Fleming was a gifted biologist but a poor communicator. When he published his results in 1929, few took notice. In 1935, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain discovered Fleming’s paper, understood its importance, and developed methods to produce penicillin in quantity. By 1943, with World War II raging, the War Production Board enlisted 21 companies to mass-produce penicillin, saving countless lives and ushering in the new age of antibiotics. Fleming, Florey and Chain received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945. (弗莱明是一位天赋异禀的生物学家，但不擅长沟通。1929年，他发表了自己的研究成果，却几乎无人关注。1935年，霍华德 弗洛里和恩斯特 钱恩发现了弗莱明的论文，意识到其重要性，并开发了批量生产青霉素的方法。到1943年，第二次世界大战正如火如荼，美国战争生产委员会召集21家公司大规模生产青霉素，拯救了无数生命，也开创了抗生素的新时代。弗莱明、弗洛里和钱恩于1945年共同获得诺贝尔医学奖。)”可知，弗莱明的成果最初无人关注，直到弗洛里和钱恩发现其论文并推动量产，最终借助政府和企业资源实现突破。由此可推测，弗莱明的初步发现、弗洛里团队的开发，均体现早期成果为后续突破铺路的逻辑。故选D。
3．词句猜测题。根据划线单词所在句“By 1943, with World War II raging, the War Production Board enlisted 21 companies to mass-produce penicillin, saving countless lives and ushering in the new age of antibiotics. (到1943年，第二次世界大战正如火如荼，美国战争生产委员会召集21家公司大规模生产青霉素，拯救了无数生命，也……抗生素的新时代。)”可知，青霉素的大规模生产拯救了生命，由此开启了抗生素的新时代。划线单词的意思和“开创、引入”相似。选项B“introducing”意为“引入”，与此相符。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，文章通过青霉素的发现与应用过程，揭示了创新并非“灵光一现”，而是依赖前人研究积累、团队协作、资源支持等多方面因素的长期过程。选项D“The Long Road to Penicillin: How Innovation Happens. (青霉素的漫长之路：创新如何发生。)”既涵盖青霉素从发现到应用的漫长过程，又点明文章对创新本质的探讨，契合主旨。故选D。
考向02 考查研究报告Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment, result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类
1.（2025届辽宁省沈阳市东北育才学校高三下学期适应性考试）
The future of space food could be simple and strange. For decades, astronauts have relied mostly on prepackaged food or the occasional grown vegetables during their visits to outer space. With missions beyond Earth’s orbit in sight, a NASA led competition is hoping to change all that and start a new era of sustainable space food.
To solve the problem of feeding astronauts on long duration missions, the US space agency started the Deep Space Food Challenge in January 2022, asking companies to propose novel ways to develop sustainable foods for future missions. About 200 companies entered, which were narrowed down to 11 teams in January 2023 as part of phase 2. On November 19, NASA announced the teams that will progress into the final phase of the competition, with some winners to be announced in March, 2025.
All teams had to show systems that could operate for three years and feed a crew of four on a future space mission. The proposals did not need to supply a crew’s entire diet, but they did need to create a variety of nutritious foods to the astronauts.
One company took an incredibly unusual approach to the task. Air Company, based in New York, designed a system that could use the carbon dioxide breathed out by astronauts in space to produce alcohol, which can then be fed to yeast (酵母) and produce “something that’s suitable for eating”. “It’s making food out of the air.” says Stafford Sheehan, co-founder and chief technology officer of Air Company, “It sounds like magic, but when you see it actually operating, it’s much more simple.”
Interstellar Lab in Florida had a different approach. Its system, called NUCLEUS, is a set of small capsules. Each is self-contained, with its own temperature, watering system, etc. That would allow different vegetables to be planted so that astronauts can easily grow their own food in space.
While the winning ideas from the Deep Space Food Challenge won’t immediately be used by astronauts, they show what might be possible on future missions. “You’ve got to start years in advance to make sure you have the capability in place when you need it,” says Ralph Fritsche, senior project manager for space crop production at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
1．Why was the Deep Space Food Challenge launched
A．To find tasty foods for astronauts.
B．To found a space food supply center.
C．To develop a new source of space food.
D．To attract astronauts to food exploration.
2．Which might be the requirement to become the winning company
A．Future space missions lasting three years.
B．Entire diets for long-lasting space research.
C．Concrete proposals involving a crew of four.
D．Sustainable supply of nutritious space foods.
3．What do paragraphs 4 and 5 focus on
A．Describing future space food.
B．Showing solutions from competing companies.
C．Introducing the current status of space food.
D．Explaining the nutritional needs of space food.
4．What is the most suitable title for the text
A．Astronauts produce more space food.
B．Space explorers face a lack of nutrition.
C．New types of space foods are on the way.
D．Future space missions last even longer.
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．C
【解析】本文为说明文，主要讲述NASA启动“深空食物挑战”计划以开发可持续太空食物，并介绍参赛公司的创新解决方案。
1.细节理解题。根据第二段“To solve the problem of feeding astronauts on long duration missions, the US space agency started the Deep Space Food Challenge in January 2022, asking companies to propose novel ways to develop sustainable foods for future missions.(为了解决长期任务中宇航员的饮食问题，美国航天局于2022年1月启动了深空食品挑战赛，要求公司为未来的任务提出开发可持续食品的新方法。)”可知，该挑战旨在开发新的太空食物来源。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“All teams had to show systems that could operate for three years and feed a crew of four on a future space mission. The proposals did not need to supply a crew’s entire diet, but they did need to create a variety of nutritious foods to the astronauts.(所有团队都必须展示可以运行三年的系统，并在未来的太空任务中为四名机组人员提供食物。这些提议不需要提供宇航员的全部饮食，但他们确实需要为宇航员创造各种营养食品。)”可知，获胜要求是提供可持续的营养食物供应。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段“One company took an incredibly unusual approach to the task. Air Company, based in New York, designed a system that could use the carbon dioxide breathed out by astronauts in space to produce alcohol, which can then be fed to yeast (酵母) and produce “something that’s suitable for eating”. (一家公司对这项任务采取了令人难以置信的不同寻常的方法。总部位于纽约的航空公司设计了一种系统，可以利用宇航员在太空中呼出的二氧化碳来生产酒精，然后将酒精喂给酵母，生产出“适合食用的东西”。)”描述利用二氧化碳生产食物的方法，第五段“Its system, called NUCLEUS, is a set of small capsules. Each is self-contained, with its own temperature, watering system, etc. That would allow different vegetables to be planted so that astronauts can easily grow their own food in space.(它的系统被称为NUCLEUS，是一组小胶囊。每个都是独立的，有自己的温度、浇水系统等。这将允许种植不同的蔬菜，这样宇航员就可以在太空中轻松种植自己的食物。)”描述NUCLEUS种植系统可知，两段均以具体案例展示参赛公司的创新方案。从而推知两段焦点是展示解决方案。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The future of space food could be simple and strange. For decades, astronauts have relied mostly on prepackaged food or the occasional grown vegetables during their visits to outer space. With missions beyond Earth’s orbit in sight, a NASA led competition is hoping to change all that and start a new era of sustainable space food.(太空食品的未来可能是简单而奇怪的。几十年来，宇航员在外太空访问期间主要依靠预包装食品或偶尔种植的蔬菜。随着地球轨道以外任务的临近，美国国家航空航天局领导的一项竞赛希望改变这一切，开启可持续太空食品的新时代。)”和最后一段“While the winning ideas from the Deep Space Food Challenge won’t immediately be used by astronauts, they show what might be possible on future missions. (虽然深太空食品挑战赛的获奖想法不会立即被宇航员使用，但它们展示了未来任务的可能性。)”可知，全文围绕NASA挑战开发新型可持续太空食物展开，强调创新方法正在推进。C项“新型太空食品即将问世”概括这一核心主题，适合用作标题。故选C。
2.（2025·安徽省合肥市第七中学高三第四次质检）
A global study comparing 2,062 birds finds that, in highly variable environments, birds tend to have either larger or smaller brains relative to their body size. Birds with smaller brains tend to use ecological strategies that are not available to big-brained ones. “The fact is that there are a great many species that do quite well with small brains,” said Trevor Fristoe, first author of the study from Washington University.
Previous studies had found general trends toward larger relative brain sizes at higher latitudes (纬度), where conditions are more variable. This new study is different because it looks at the full distribution of brain sizes across environments, allowing the researchers to test whether different sizes are over-or under-represented. They found that at higher latitudes, bird brains are significantly more likely to be either relatively large or relatively small compared to body size.
What was going on here Fristoe, born in Alaska, had a few ideas. He suggests that the Alaska state bird, the ptarmigan (雷鸟), might be a typical example of the small-brained species. Lovable though it is, it’s not exactly known for its smarts. The ptarmigan can, however, feed on branches and willow leaves.
“We find that small-brained species in these environments employ strategies that are unachievable with a large brain. These species are able to live on readily available but difficult to digest resources such as needles of conifers (针叶树), or even branches. These foods can be found even during extreme winter conditions, but they are fibrous and require a large gut (肠道) to digest,” Fristoe said. “Gut tissue, like brain tissue, is energetically demanding, and limited budgets mean that it is challenging to maintain a lot of both.”
“Brains are not evolving separately — they are part of a broader suite of adaptations that help creatures succeed in their lives,” said Carlos Botero, assistant professor of biology and co-author of the study. “Biologists, ourselves included, have historically believed that environmental variability drives the expansion of brain size. But when we take a broader view, we realize that other strategies also work — and remarkably, the alternative here involves making a brain actually smaller!”
1．How does Fristoe’ s research differ from previous studies
A．It arrives at a conflicting conclusion. B．It focuses on birds with smaller brains.
C．It covers a wider range of brain sizes. D．It reveals birds’ evolving processes.
2．What do we know about the ptarmigan
A．It is considered fairly intelligent. B．It has a powerful digesting system.
C．It has a relatively large body size. D．It has a selective feeding habit.
3．What can be inferred about smaller brains from Botero’s words
A．They are typical of independent evolution. B．They are a result of limited budgets.
C．They are not for variable environments. D．They are an effective survival strategy.
4．what can be a suitable title for the text
A．The Smaller the Brain, the Smarter B．Big Brains: Adapt to Higher Latitudes
C．Big Brains or Big Guts: Choose One D．Evolutions of Brain Size in Birds
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于鸟类大脑大小和智慧之间关系的研究，列举了研究人员对研究结果的看法。
1． 细节理解题。根据第三段“This new study is different because it looks at the full distribution of brain sizes across environments, allowing the researchers to test whether different sizes are over-or under-represented.(这项新研究的不同之处在于，它观察了不同环境下大脑大小的完整分布，使研究人员能够测试不同大小的大脑是被过度代表还是被低估了)”可知，弗里斯托的研究涵盖了更大范围的大脑大小。故选C项。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段“The ptarmigan can, however, feed on branches and willow leaves.(然而，雷鸟可以以树枝和柳叶为食)”以及第五段“These species are able to live on readily available but difficult to digest resources such as needles of conifers (针叶树), or even branches. These foods can be found even during extreme winter conditions, but they are fibrous and require a large gut (肠道) to digest,(这些物种能够生活在容易获得但难以消化的资源上，如针叶树的针叶，甚至树枝。即使在极端的冬季条件下也可以找到这些食物，但它们是纤维质的，需要大的肠道来消化)”可推知，雷鸟有强大的消化系统。故选B项。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段““Brains are not evolving separately — they are part of a broader suite of adaptations that help creatures succeed in their lives,” said Carlos Botero, assistant professor of biology and co-author of the study. “Biologists, ourselves included, have historically believed that environmental variability drives the expansion of brain size. But when we take a broader view, we realize that other strategies also work — and remarkably, the alternative here involves making a brain actually smaller!”(生物学助理教授、该研究的合著者卡洛斯·波特罗说：“大脑并不是单独进化的——它们是帮助生物在生活中取得成功的更广泛适应的一部分。”“生物学家，包括我们自己，一直认为环境的变化会导致大脑体积的扩大。但当我们从更广泛的角度来看时，我们意识到其他策略也起作用——值得注意的是，这里的替代方案涉及让大脑变得更小！”)”可知，Botero认为更小的大脑是一种有效的生存策略。故选D项。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A global study comparing 2,062 birds finds that, in highly variable environments, birds tend to have either larger or smaller brains relative to their body size. Birds with smaller brains tend to use ecological strategies that are not available to big-brained ones.(一项比较2062只鸟类的全球研究发现，在高度可变的环境中，鸟类的大脑相对于其体型往往更大或更小。大脑较小的鸟类倾向于使用大脑较大的鸟类无法使用的生态策略)”以及下文可知，文章主要介绍了关于鸟类大脑大小和智慧之间关系的研究，列举了研究人员对研究结果的看法。由此可知，C选项Big Brains or Big Guts: Choose One(脑大还是智慧大：选择一个)适合作文章标题。故选C项。
3.（2025·河北省石家庄市普通高中毕业年级教学质量检测（三））
Scientists have been looking at DNA to store all types of data, not just biological, but also digital. Yet while DNA is a great storage material, it’s also quite delicate. Water or heat can damage it easily unless it’s given an amber-like (似琥珀) coating. That new idea was borrowed from the 1993movie Jurassic Park, in which scientists cloned dinosaurs from DNA trapped in amber.
DNA is the world’s oldest data storage device. The most amazing thing about DNA is that it can potentially be used to store any type of data. Putting information into DNA uses a process called encoding. “Your computer stores information in a binary format (二进制), zeroes and ones,” notes Karishma Matange, a computational biologist. “Encoding works to change these zeroes and ones into A, C, G and T, the DNA bases that can store information.” The order of the bases in DNA is called sequence (序列), which spells out the information it holds. To pull information back out from the DNA, you rewind the process.
Scientists can store DNA for long periods. But it requires freezing temperatures, special equipment and dangerous chemicals, which makes the process costly. James Banal, a scientist in San Carlos, California, and his team came up with a new method T-REX. His team uses this method to trap DNA in a material similar to plastic. “Plastics are durable.” Banal points out. Besides, T-REX is a cheap alternative to enclose DNA．
To test it, the team encoded the Jurassic Park theme music and a person’s genome into DNA．Then they put the DNA in the glassy plastic. Damp and heat are DNA’s biggest threats. But the T-REX material keeps damp out. The researchers heated it up to 75° Celsius. Later, they got the DNA by breaking the coating down. The best part, Banal says, is that the broken-down material can be reused to store DNA again.
Banal and his colleagues want to use the T-REX method to preserve genetic data or even safely store biological samples that will be launched into space. And we might one day use it to store the massive amounts of data people generate every day.
1．How is digital information stored into DNA
A．By turning binary code into DNA bases.
B．By freezing the DNA at low temperatures.
C．By coating the DNA with amber material.
D．By sequencing DNA from ancient samples.
2．What is the main advantage of the T-REX method for DNA storage
A．Breaking DNA down with chemicals.
B．Offering cost-effective storage of DNA．
C．Helping DNA survive extreme wetness.
D．Withdrawing whole DNA from dinosaurs.
3．What will the DNA storage technology be used for in the future
A．Cloning extinct dinosaurs. B．Reducing global plastic pollution.
C．Preserving diverse samples. D．Speeding future space exploration.
4．What’s the main idea of the text
A．A breakthrough in DNA data storage technology.
B．How digital technology advances DNA analysis.
C．The biological applications of DNA repairing system.
D．How Jurassic Park inspired DNA preservation research.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。 文章主要介绍了DNA存储数据的原理，传统存储的缺陷及T-REX新方法，其成本低、耐用，未来或用于多领域存储。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Putting information into DNA uses a process called encoding. ‘Your computer stores information in a binary format (二进制), zeroes and ones,’ notes Karishma Matange, a computational biologist. ‘Encoding works to change these zeroes and ones into A, C, G and T, the DNA bases that can store information.’ (将信息输入DNA需要一个称为编码的过程。计算生物学家Karishma Matange指出：‘你的计算机以二进制格式（0和1）存储信息。编码的作用是将这些0和1转换为A、C、G和T，即可以存储信息的DNA碱基。’)”可知，数字信息是通过将二进制数据转换为DNA的四种碱基（A、C、G、T）进行存储的。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Besides, T-REX is a cheap alternative to enclose DNA. (此外，T-REX是包裹DNA的廉价替代品。)”和第四段“But the T-REX material keeps damp out. The researchers heated it up to 75° Celsius. Later, they got the DNA by breaking the coating down. The best part, Banal says, is that the broken-down material can be reused to store DNA again. (但T-REX材料可以防潮。研究人员将其加热至75摄氏度。后来，他们通过分解涂层获得了DNA。Banal说，最好的部分是，分解的材料可以再次用于存储DNA。)”可知，T-REX方法既成本低廉，又能防潮，并且可以重复使用材料来存储DNA，因此，T-REX方法的主要优势是提供了一种经济有效的DNA存储方式。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Banal and his colleagues want to use the T-REX method to preserve genetic data or even safely store biological samples that will be launched into space. And we might one day use it to store the massive amounts of data people generate every day. (Banal和他的同事们希望使用T-REX方法来保存遗传数据，甚至安全地存储将被发射到太空的生物样本。有一天，我们可能会用它来存储人们每天生成的大量数据。)”可知，DNA存储技术未来将用于保存多样化的样本。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Scientists have been looking at DNA to store all types of data, not just biological, but also digital. Yet while DNA is a great storage material, it’s also quite delicate. (科学家们一直在研究DNA来存储所有类型的数据，不仅是生物数据，还有数字数据。然而，尽管DNA是一种很好的存储材料，但它也很脆弱。)”和文章第三段“James Banal, a scientist in San Carlos, California, and his team came up with a new method T-REX. His team uses this method to trap DNA in a material similar to plastic. ‘Plastics are durable.’ Banal points out. Besides, T-REX is a cheap alternative to enclose DNA.(加利福尼亚州圣卡洛斯的科学家James Banal和他的团队提出了一种新的方法T-REX。他的团队使用这种方法将DNA捕获在类似塑料的材料中。巴纳尔指出：‘塑料很耐用。’此外，T-REX是包裹DNA的廉价替代品。)”可知，文章主要讲述了科学家们一直在研究使用DNA来存储各种类型的数据，并介绍了DNA作为存储材料的优缺点，以及一种新的DNA存储方法T-REX的研发和应用。因此，文章的主旨大意是DNA数据存储技术的突破。故选A。
4.（2025·广东省深圳市罗湖外语学校期中）
Research led by the University of Leeds has found that children do better at primary school if their fathers regularly spend time with them on interactive engagement (互动式参与) activities like reading, playing, telling stories, drawing and singing.
Analyzing primary school test scores for five-and seven-year-olds, the researchers used a representative sample of nearly 5,000 mother-father households in England. According to the research, dads who regularly drew, played and read with their three-year-olds helped their children do better at school by age five. Dads being involved at age five also helped improve scores in seven-year-olds’ Key Stage Assessments.
Dr Helen Norman, who led the research, said, “Mothers still tend to assume the primary carer role and therefore tend to do the most childcare, but if fathers actively engage in childcare too, it significantly increases the likelihood of children getting better grades in primary school. This is why encouraging and supporting fathers in sharing childcare with the mother, from an early stage in the child's life, is critical. ”
Dads’ involvement impacted positively on their children’s school achievement regardless of the child's gender, ethnicity, age in the school year and household income, according to the research. There were different effects when moms and dads took part in the same activities - the data showed that moms had more of an impact on young children's emotional and social behaviors than educational achievement.
The researchers recommend that dads spare as much time as they can to engage in interactive activities with their children each week. For busy, working dads, even just ten minutes a day could potentially have educational benefits. They also recommend that schools and early years education providers routinely take both parents' contact details and develop strategies to engage fathers and keep a record of father-engagement.
Dr Jeremy Davies, who co-authored the report, said, “Our analysis has shown that fathers have an important, direct impact on their children’s learning. We should be recognizing this and actively finding ways to support dads in playing their part, rather than engaging only with mothers, or taking a gender-neutral approach. ”
1．How did the researchers conduct the study
A．By assessing parent-child relationships. B．By observing educational parent-child activities.
C．By classifying children's individual interests. D．By examining children’s academic performance.
2．What does Helen Norman try to tell us in Paragraph 3
A．Shared childcare is highly beneficial. B．Education starts from the family.
C．Children need a sense of belonging. D．Father excels in educating children.
3．Which of the following do the researchers recommend
A．Fathers reduce working hours. B．Schools involve fathers in children’s learning.
C．Mothers keep track of children's studies. D．Educators find ways to support mothers.
4．What is a suitable title for the text
A．The Shift in Parents’ Roles in Childcare. B．The Impact of Fathers on Children’s Education.
C．Mom vs. Dad: Who Influences Kids More D．Interactive Activities: How Do They Affect Kids’ Grades
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍利兹大学的研究发现，如果父亲经常花时间陪孩子参加互动活动，孩子在小学的表现会更好。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Analyzing primary school test scores for five-and seven-year-olds, the researchers used a representative sample of nearly 5,000 mother-father households in England. According to the research, dads who regularly drew, played and read with their three-year-olds helped their children do better at school by age five. (研究人员分析了5岁和7岁孩子的小学考试成绩，使用了英国近5000个父母家庭的代表性样本。根据这项研究，经常和三岁的孩子一起画画、玩耍和阅读的父亲，可以帮助他们的孩子在五岁时在学校表现得更好。)”可知研究人员通过检查孩子们的学习成绩来进行研究的，故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Dr Helen Norman, who led the research, said, “Mothers still tend to assume the primary carer role and therefore tend to do the most childcare, but if fathers actively engage in childcare too, it significantly increases the likelihood of children getting better grades in primary school. This is why encouraging and supporting fathers in sharing childcare with the mother, from an early stage in the child's life, is critical. ” (领导这项研究的海伦·诺曼博士说：“母亲仍然倾向于承担主要的照顾者角色，因此往往承担最多的照顾孩子的工作，但如果父亲也积极参与照顾孩子，那么孩子在小学取得更好成绩的可能性就会大大增加。”这就是为什么鼓励和支持父亲在孩子的早期阶段与母亲共同照顾孩子是至关重要的。”)”可推知海伦·诺曼博士想要告诉我们的是父母共同照顾孩子是非常有益的，故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段“They also recommend that schools and early years education providers routinely take both parents’ contact details and develop strategies to engage fathers and keep a record of father-engagement. (他们还建议学校和早期教育机构定期收集父母双方的联系方式，制定策略让父亲参与进来，并记录父亲参与的情况。)”可知研究人员建议学校制定策略让父亲参与孩子的学校活动，故选B。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其第一段“Research led by the University of Leeds has found that children do better at primary school if their fathers regularly spend time with them on interactive engagement activities like reading, playing, telling stories, drawing and singing. (利兹大学领导的一项研究发现，如果父亲经常花时间和孩子一起进行阅读、玩耍、讲故事、画画和唱歌等互动活动，孩子在小学的表现会更好。)”可知文章主要讲述利兹大学的研究发现，如果父亲经常花时间陪孩子参加互动活动，孩子在小学的表现会更好，也就是父亲对孩子的教育影响，B选项“父亲对孩子教育的影响。”适合做标题，符合文章大意，故选B。
5.（2025·江西省南昌市青山湖区江西师范大学附属中月考）
Teenagers who have close, secure relationships with their families are more likely to extend empathy (同理心) to their peers, according to a new study.
The study, conducted at the University of Virginia’s Adolescent Research Group, followed 174 adolescents from the ages of 14 to 18 to track their progress annually. At age 14, researchers interviewed the teens regarding their family relationships using a modified version of the Adult Attachment Interview, which is considered the “gold standard” of assessing one’s attachment state of mind. Jessica Stern, lead author of the study, said this motivated the teens to share descriptions and stories about their families. Researchers paid attention to not only what the teens said but also how they expressed it.
After these initial interviews, researchers went back to the participants at ages 16, 17 and 18 and observed their interactions with a close friend. The researchers noted how the participants responded when their friend presented a problem and revealed it to them, assessing the participants’ extension of empathy. Teens who had more secure family relationships showed higher empathy toward their friends at ages 16 and 17 than less secure teens. It’s not all bad news, though, because the less secure teens “caught up” in their empathic behavior by age 18. This is cause for hope, Stern said, because it may indicate that those empathic skills can develop over time for adolescents who don’t have great relationships at home. Having strong friendships or a trusted teacher might make an impact on insecure teens’ empathy.
More research is being conducted on this particular group of participants, who are now in their mid-30s. The researchers are interested in seeing how the empathic abilities they examined in the teens now shape their romantic relationships and parenting behavior as adults. Being able to pick up on other people’s emotions and see from their point of view is important “for a variety of other things that we consider success in the world,” Stern said.
For parents and even teachers, Stern advises understanding the necessity of empathy and really investing in relationships with teens. Providing models of empathic behavior, including treating others with kindness, respect and support, can help adolescents internalize that behavior.
1．What do we know about the research
A．It was a long-term study.
B．It revealed gender differences.
C．It involved big data analysis.
D．It explored problem-solving strategies.
2．What can be inferred about the less secure teens during the study
A．They showed a decline in empathy.
B．They became more eager for empathy.
C．They maintained consistent levels of empathy.
D．They initially struggled but improved in empathy.
3．What would help adolescents develop empathy according to the last paragraph
A．Demonstrating empathy in action.
B．Rewarding their progress in empathy.
C．Engaging them in classroom discussions.
D．Monitoring their interpersonal relationships.
4．What is the passage mainly about
A．The power of empathy for future success.
B．Teenagers’ empathy linked to family bonds.
C．The impact of friendship on adolescent empathy.
D．Attachment theory and teens’ empathy development.
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。研究表明家庭关系紧密稳固的青少年更具同理心，且部分青少年同理心可随时间发展，还强调了培养青少年同理心的方法。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“The study, conducted at the University of Virginia’s Adolescent Research Group, followed 174 adolescents from the ages of 14 to 18 to track their progress annually.(这项由弗吉尼亚大学青少年研究小组进行的研究，跟踪了 174 名年龄在 14 岁至 18 岁之间的青少年，并每年追踪他们的进展情况。)”以及第四段第一句“More research is being conducted on this particular group of participants, who are now in their mid-30s.(目前正在对这一特定的参与者群体进行更多的研究，他们现在都已步入30多岁。)”可知，这项研究从青少年时期一直持续到他们30多岁，是一项长期的研究。故选A项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段第三句“Teens who had more secure family relationships showed higher empathy toward their friends at ages 16 and 17 than less secure teens.(与家庭关系不太稳固的青少年相比，在16岁和17岁时，家庭关系更稳固的青少年对朋友表现出更高的同理心。)”以及第四句“It’s not all bad news, though, because the less secure teens ‘caught up’ in their empathic behavior by age 18.(不过，这也不全是坏消息，因为到18岁时，家庭关系不太稳固的青少年在同理心行为方面‘赶上了’。)”可知，家庭关系不太稳固的青少年一开始在同理心方面表现不如家庭关系稳固的青少年，但到18岁时有所改善。故选D项。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Providing models of empathic behavior, including treating others with kindness, respect and support, can help adolescents internalize that behavior.(提供同理心行为的榜样，包括以友善、尊重和支持的态度对待他人，可以帮助青少年将这种行为内化。)”可知，通过实际行动展示同理心有助于青少年发展同理心。故选A项。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Teenagers who have close, secure relationships with their families are more likely to extend empathy (同理心) to their peers, according to a new study.(一项新的研究表明，与家人关系亲密、稳固的青少年更有可能对同龄人表现出同理心。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了青少年的同理心与家庭关系之间的联系。所以B选项Teenagers’ empathy linked to family bonds(青少年的同理心与家庭纽带相关) 符合文意。故选B项。
6.（2025届北京市精华学校高三三模）
Rising global carbon dioxide levels tied to global warming may not be as crucial in determining the composition of plant communities as other localized climate changes.
“Nobody really knows what the increases in carbon dioxide are going to entail in terms of future changes in vegetation types,” said Mark Brenner, a University of Florida assistant professor of paleolimnology, the study of ancient lakes. “It looks like climate changes in different areas may be more important than carbon dioxide, at least carbon dioxide by itself,” he said.
Brenner’s research team based their conclusions on an analysis of sediment (沉积物) from two lake bottoms, one in northern Mexico and one in northern Guatemala. The researchers used new techniques that allowed them to analyze only the remains of land plants, specifically their leaf waxes. By measuring the isotope composition of the leaf waxes, the researchers were able to distinguish two broad categories of plants living in these areas — so-called C3 and C4 plants, which have different photosynthetic (光合作用的) processes, the process by which green plants turn carbon dioxide and water into food using energy from sunlight. Many C4 plants are tropical grasses, while most tropical trees are C3 plants. The researchers analyzed sediments deposited over the last 27,000 years, from the last ice age to the current geological period. Over this period, there was a worldwide, relatively uniform increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.
Brenner said that if carbon dioxide played the major role in determining plant composition, one would assume that analysis of the sediments would reveal very similar changes in relative abundance of C3 and C4 plants in the two places over the study period. But, in fact, the researchers found that trends in the two types of plants were different at the two locations. The changes were related not with carbon dioxide levels, but with shifts in rainfall. “The result appears to be that climate factors, especially moisture availability, determine whether C4 or C3 plants dominate in an area, not carbon dioxide,” Brenner said.
Many scientists believe global warming will cause major variation in local climates worldwide, with some wet areas becoming dry and dry areas becoming wet. If that happens, it could have more impact on relative C3 versus C4 plant distribution than the rising carbon dioxide levels.
1．What can be inferred in the first paragraph
A．Climate change affects plant community composition more than rising CO2 levels.
B．Localized climate shifts may not be as crucial as carbon dioxide.
C．Nobody knows which one is important.
D．Carbon dioxide levels is crucial to the global warming.
2．According to the third paragraph, which one is NOT true
A．Tropical grasses are usually C4 plants.
B．C3 and C4 plants used to live in northern Mexico and Guatemala.
C．C3 and C4 plants don’t have the same processes.
D．Tropical trees are all C3 plants.
3．Why were trends in C3 and C4 plants different at the two locations
A．The assumption that carbon dioxide played the major role is wrong.
B．The carbon dioxide played an important role.
C．The moisture availability was different.
D．The carbon dioxide level was different.
4．What’s the main idea of the passage
A．Climates factors determine the plant distribution and composition of plant communities.
B．Global warming will cause major variation.
C．How has Brenner’s research team proved a truth.
D．C3 and C4 plants are important plants in determining the composition of plant communities.
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过对墨西哥北部和危地马拉北部湖泊沉积物的研究，指出气候因素尤其是水分供应决定植物分布和群落组成，而非二氧化碳水平。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Rising global carbon dioxide levels tied to global warming may not be as crucial in determining the composition of plant communities as other localized climate changes.(与全球变暖相关的全球二氧化碳水平上升，在决定植物群落组成方面，可能不如其他局部气候变化那么关键)”可知，气候变化对植物群落组成的影响比二氧化碳水平上升更大。由此可推断出，气候变化比二氧化碳水平上升对植物群落组成的影响更大。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Many C4 plants are tropical grasses, while most tropical trees are C3 plants.(许多C4植物是热带草类，而大多数热带树木是C3植物)”可知，只是说大多数热带树木是C3植物，并非所有热带树木都是C3植物，D选项“Tropical trees are all C3 plants.(热带树木都是C3植物)”表述过于绝对，与原文不符。故选D项。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“The result appears to be that climate factors, especially moisture availability, determine whether C4 or C3 plants dominate in an area, not carbon dioxide.(结果似乎是，气候因素，尤其是水分供应，决定了一个地区是C4植物还是C3植物占主导地位，而不是二氧化碳)”可知，两个地方C3和C4植物的趋势不同是因为水分供应不同。故选C项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段“Rising global carbon dioxide levels tied to global warming may not be as crucial in determining the composition of plant communities as other localized climate changes.(与全球变暖相关的全球二氧化碳水平上升，在决定植物群落组成方面，可能不如其他局部气候变化那么关键)”以及第四段中“The result appears to be that climate factors, especially moisture availability, determine whether C4 or C3 plants dominate in an area, not carbon dioxide.(结果似乎是，气候因素，尤其是水分供应，决定了一个地区是C4植物还是C3植物占主导地位，而不是二氧化碳)”可知，文章主要论述了气候因素尤其是水分供应决定植物分布和群落组成，而非二氧化碳水平。A选项“Climates factors determine the plant distribution and composition of plant communities.(气候因素决定植物分布和植物群落组成)”能概括文章主旨。故选A项。
7.（2025届重庆市高三下5月全真模拟）
The boom of artificial intelligence has sparked a wave of new possibilities, but it’s also causing fears among many Americans about their jobs. Recent surveys indicate growing public anxiety, with 51% of Americans expressing concern that AI might replace human jobs, which reflects the groundbreaking power of AI across various industries.
Research highlights notable differences in perception between experts and the general public. While 73% of respondents believe cashier positions will decline due to AI, and 67% anticipate reductions in factory jobs, opinions vary sharply regarding truck drivers. Only 33% of the public foresees job losses in this sector, compared to 62% of Al experts who predict substantial impacts. This gap suggests that the public may underestimate Al's potential to disrupt certain professions.
A crucial distinction exists between traditional automation and modern Al capabilities. As Molly Kinder from the Brookings Institution says, some of these opinions are confusing old automation with what generative AI can do. “Generative AI is not your grandparents’ automation. It’s moving up the skill chain... in ways I don’t think the public is fully aware of.” Unlike earlier technologies that primarily affected manufacturing, contemporary AI can perform complex cognitive tasks such as document analysis, legal research, and financial forecasting — functions traditionally associated with white-collar professionals.
Studies identify several vulnerable sectors, including office administration, legal services, and financial operations. However, researchers caution against simplistic predictions of job elimination (淘汰). Mark Muro, co-author of a Brookings report, notes, “AI is more likely to transform jobs than replace them entirely.” This perspective suggests that while certain tasks may be automated, new opportunities for human-AI collaboration may emerge.
The adoption of AI has been slower than expected in regulated fields like healthcare and law, where human judgment remains crucial. Nevertheless, as MIT professor Eric So observes, “AI’s capabilities are evolving at an unprecedented pace.” From basic chatbots to sophisticated decision-making systems, AI continues to reshape the workplace, creating both challenges and possibilities that society must carefully navigate.
1．Which profession shows the largest difference in perception
A．Cashiers. B．Truck drivers.
C．Factory workers. D．Legal professionals.
2．What does Molly Kinder emphasize about generative AI
A．It is limited to simple repetitive tasks. B．It primarily affects manufacturing jobs.
C．It can perform complex cognitive tasks. D．It has been widely adopted in healthcare.
3．What is Mark Muro’s view on AI's impact on jobs
A．AI will create more jobs than it eliminates.
B．AI is likely to shift rather than replace jobs.
C．AI will completely replace human workers.
D．AI will have no significant impact on employment.
4．What is the author’s attitude towards the development of AI
A．Objective. B．Supportive.
C．Dismissive. D．Doubtful.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人工智能的兴起引发新可能的同时也让美国人担忧工作，介绍了公众和专家对不同职业受影响的看法差异，还分析了人工智能对工作的影响。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“While 73% of respondents believe cashier positions will decline due to AI, and 67% anticipate reductions in factory jobs, opinions vary sharply regarding truck drivers. Only 33% of the public foresees job losses in this sector, compared to 62% of AI experts who predict substantial impacts.(虽然73%的受访者认为收银员职位会因人工智能而减少，67%的人预计工厂职位会减少，但在卡车司机方面，人们的看法差异很大。只有33%的公众预计该行业会出现失业，而62%的人工智能专家预测会有重大影响)”可知，在收银员、工厂工人、卡车司机这几个职业中，公众和专家对卡车司机岗位的看法差异最大。文中未提及法律专业人员在这方面的看法差异情况。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Unlike earlier technologies that primarily affected manufacturing, contemporary AI can perform complex cognitive tasks such as document analysis, legal research, and financial forecasting — functions traditionally associated with white-collar professionals.(与主要影响制造业的早期技术不同，当代人工智能可以执行复杂的认知任务，如文档分析、法律研究和财务预测——这些功能传统上与白领专业人员相关联)”可知，Molly Kinder强调生成式人工智能可以执行复杂的认知任务。 故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Mark Muro, co-author of a Brookings report, notes, “AI is more likely to transform jobs than replace them entirely.” (布鲁金斯学会报告的合著者Mark Muro指出：“人工智能更有可能改变工作，而不是完全取代它们。”)”可知，Mark Muro认为人工智能更有可能改变工作，而不是完全取代它们，即人工智能可能会转移而不取代工作。故选B。
4．推理判断题。文章在第一段中“The boom of artificial intelligence has sparked a wave of new possibilities, but it’s also causing fears among many Americans about their jobs. (人工智能的蓬勃发展引发了一系列新的可能性，但也在许多美国人中引发了对工作的担忧)”提到人工智能带来新机遇的同时也带来了担忧；在第四段中“Mark Muro, co-author of a Brookings report, notes, “AI is more likely to transform jobs than replace them entirely.” (布鲁金斯学会报告的合著者Mark Muro指出：“人工智能更有可能改变工作，而不是完全取代它们。”)”和最后一段中“From basic chatbots to sophisticated decision-making systems, AI continues to reshape the workplace, creating both challenges and possibilities that society must carefully navigate. (从基本的聊天机器人到复杂的决策系统，人工智能继续重塑工作场所，创造了社会必须谨慎应对的挑战和可能性)”提到人工智能的发展带来挑战和机遇。作者在文中既提及人工智能的积极影响，也提到其带来的问题，客观地呈现了人工智能发展带来的挑战和机遇。由此可推断作者对人工智能发展的态度是客观的。故选A。
考向03 考查研究报告Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类
1.（2025·安徽省阜阳市第三中学期中）
It’s common to hear that being “emotional” is opposite from being “rational (理性的)”. For many people, there is no place for emotion in rational thinking. However, some recent work from our lab suggests something opposite.
We found that individuals who score higher on tests of intelligence and rationality don’t ignore (忽略) emotions. Instead, they pay more attention to emotions and are better at recognizing and understanding emotions. This is because most intelligent decision-making requires emotional information. Emotions tell us what we want, and we can’t make smart decisions without first knowing what our goals are.
For example, as a mother, if I want to make my children happy, and I know they like video games, it would make sense for me to buy them a video game. But, if I instead want them to stay focused on homework, then it wouldn’t make sense for me to buy them the video game. You can see from this example that a rational decision can’t be made unless I know various pieces of emotional information.
Anticipating others’ emotions may help us be more effective leaders — allowing us to predict the way people will respond to what we say or do. Anticipating our own emotions can also make for much more effective long-term decisions. For example, if I predict I will feel anxious before giving a public speech, I might be inspired to practice a few more times. If I instead simply ignored my anxiety, chances are that I’d be more disturbed on stage, and my speech wouldn’t go smoothly.
Of course, it’s important to find out situations where emotional influences may not be helpful as well. Here, individuals who score higher on rationality tests may be better at reflecting on whether an emotion will be helpful or not in a given situation. They can then make their decision after giving it deeper consideration. For example, expressing too much anger or sadness to your boss when you don’t get an promotion (晋升) may not be in your best interest.
In general, if we want to be rational and make the best decisions, we should desire as much information as we can get and information about emotions can often be especially useful.
1．What is a widespread opinion about emotions and rationality
A．Rationality can develop emotional intelligence.
B．Emotions help to make rational decisions.
C．They play opposite roles in thinking processes.
D．Rationality is more important than emotions in decision-making.
2．Why does the author mention the example in Paragraph 3
A．To show the process of decision-making. B．To tell us the harm of ignoring emotions.
C．To draw the line between rationality and emotions. D．To show the importance of emotional information.
3．What should be done to make the best of emotions according to Paragraph 5
A．Recognizing their usefulness. B．Reflecting on the possible effect.
C．Completing the rationality tests. D．Thinking about various situations.
4．What does the author suggest for making wise decisions
A．gaining enough information. B．Putting rationality at the first place.
C．Trusting direct feelings. D．Seeking expert advice.
【文章结构分析】
Introduction para 1 there is a place for emotion in rational thinking
Findings para2-3 individuals who score higher on tests of intelligence and rationality don’t ignore (忽略) emotions. most intelligent decision-making requires emotional information a mother’s rational decision requires knowing various pieces of emotional information
Further analysis para 4-5 Anticipating our own and others’ emotions can help us make a more effective decision. it’s important to find out situations where emotional influences may not be helpful as well
Conclusion para6 information about emotions can often be especially useful
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了情绪和理性在决策过程中的作用。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“It’s common to hear that being ‘emotional’ is opposite from being ‘rational (理性的)’.(人们常听说“情绪化”与“理性”是相对立的。)”可知，关于情绪和理性，一个普遍的观点是它们在思维过程中扮演相反的角色。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“For example, as a mother, if I want to make my children happy, and I know they like video games, it would make sense for me to buy them a video game.(例如，作为一个母亲，如果我想让我的孩子们开心，而且我知道他们喜欢电子游戏，那么我给他们买一款电子游戏是有道理的。)”和“You can see from this example that a rational decision can’t be made unless I know various pieces of emotional information.(从这个例子中你可以看出，除非我知道各种情绪信息，否则无法做出理性的决定。)”可知，作者提到这个例子是为了展示情绪信息在做出理性决策中的重要性。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段“Here, individuals who score higher on rationality tests may be better at reflecting on whether an emotion will be helpful or not in a given situation.(在这里，那些在理性测试中得分较高的人可能更善于思考在某种情况下，某种情绪是否有帮助。)”可知，为了充分利用情绪，应该思考可能的影响。故选B。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“In general, if we want to be rational and make the best decisions, we should desire as much information as we can get and information about emotions can often be especially useful.(总的来说，如果我们想要理性并做出最好的决定，我们应该渴望获得尽可能多的信息，而关于情绪的信息往往特别有用。)”可知，作者建议为了做出明智的决定，应该获取足够的信息。故选A。
2.（2025·安徽省蚌埠市A层高中第一次联考）
London-based startup Brilliant Planet has rented 6,100 hectares of land in southern Morocco, situated between the Atlantc Ocean and the Sahara. And it’s using it to grow algae (藻类), which absorbs atmospheric carbon dioxide and sends out oxygen.
Brilliant Planet’s CEO Adam Taylor says the company has developed a way to grow algae at extreme rates starting in a glass cup in a lab and ending in 12,000-square-meter pools of locally-sourced seawater. The algae is obtained from the water then pumped up a 10-story tower and sprayed into the desert air. In the 30 seconds or so it takes to reach the ground, hot air dries the biomass (生物质) out, leaving hypersaline (超盐的) algae pieces which can be collected and shallow buried, sequestering (使隔绝) their carbon for thousands of years.
“Nature-based solutions are a great way of removing carbon,” Taylor said. “Deserts are an underused environment. It does not cost a lot of money to rent the desert. What’s more, you’re not competing with farms or forests. You’re out of the way, not bothering people.”
Taylor claims that Brilliant Planet’s solution can permanently remove 30 times more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere per hectare per year than a typical European forest. Brilliant Planet’s goal is to remove one million metric tons of carbon dioxide per year by the end of the decade.“Globally, we’ve identified about half a million square kilometers of flat desert-ocean land where it works,” Taylor said, adding that the company hopes to set up in Namibia next.
Fatna Ikrame El Fanne, an environmental engineer, described the use of algae as “a new and promising strategy” that “is a typical example of innovative use of natural process to address an urgent global issue.” Nevertheless, she expressed caution. “Microalgae production on a large scale might damage local ecosystems, lead to overuse of water resources, and change habitats,” she said.
There’s an acknowledgement that one company can’t do it all — and can’t go it alone. “We are part of a group of probably 40 to 50 wonderful ideas of how people can remove carbon from the atmosphere,” Taylor said, calling for “a Manhattan Project-type attitude” to tackling carbon capture. Whether algae is the solution the world needs remains to be seen.
