【备战2023高考英语】全国甲卷真题变式：02 阅读·科普类

【备战2023高考英语】全国甲卷真题变式：02 阅读·科普类
一、真题
（2022·全国甲卷）阅读理解
Goffin's cockatoos, a
kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar
shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use
tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the
cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut
inside it. The clear front of the box had a "keyhole" in a geometric
shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped "keys" to choose
from. Inserting the correct "key" would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can
put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be
another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical（对称的） shapes. his ability to recognize that a shape will need to be
turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an
"allocentric frame of reference". In the experiment, Goffin's
cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by
visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did
better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin's cockatoos do
indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space,
similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step,
according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely
entirely on visual clues（线索）, or
also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
1．How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment
A．By following instructions. B．By using a tool.
C．By turning the box around. D．By removing the lid.
2．Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text
A．Using a key to unlock a door. B．Telling parrots from other birds.
C．Putting a ball into a round hole. D．Grouping toys of different shapes.
3．What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos
A．How far they are able to see.
B．How they track moving objects.
C．Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D．Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
4．Which can be a suitable title for the text
A．Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B．Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C．Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D．Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
二、变式题
（2023高三上·福建期末）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
The rapid pace of global
warming and its effects on habitats raise the question of whether species are
able to keep up so that they remain in suitable living conditions. Some animals
can move fast to adjust to a swiftly changing climate. Plants, being less
mobile, rely on means such as seed dispersal(传播) by animals, wind or water
to move to new areas, but this redistribution typically occurs within one
kilometre of the original plant.
When the climate in a plant's
usual range becomes hotter than it can tolerate, it must find new, cooler areas
that might lie many kilometres away. One explanation for long-distance seed
dispersal is through transport by migratory (迁徙的) birds. Such birds swallow
seeds when eating fruit and can move them tens or hundreds of kilometres
outside the range of a plant species.
Gonzáiez-Vary and
colleagues report how plants might be able to keep pace with rapid climate
change with the help of migratory birds. The authors analysed the fruiting
times of plants, patterns of bird migration and the interactions between
fruit-eating birds and fleshy-fruited plants across Europe. Plants with fleshy
fruits were chosen for this study because most of their seed transport is by
migratory birds, and because fleshy-fruited plants are an important part of the
woody-plant community in Europe. The common approach until now has been to
predict plant dispersal using models fitted to abiotic (非生物的) factors such as the current climate. Gonzáiez-Vary instead
analysed an impressive data set of 949 different seed-dispersal interactions
between bird and plant communities, together with data on entire fruiting times
and migratory patterns of birds across Europe. The researchers also analysed
DNA traces from bird wastes to identify the plants and birds responsible for
seed dispersal.
5．How do species adapt to climate changes when it's too hot
A．All animals will move away across great distanced.
B．Some plants depend on migratory birds to carry seeds.
C．Some plants depend on animals, wind or water to move.
D．Plants' seeds disperse to cooler places of several kilometres away.
6．Why did researchers mainly study fleshy-fruited plants
A．Most of these can't fit rapid climate change
B．Migratory birds like making nests in them
C．Migratory birds transport their seeds.
D．They are favoured by most birds.
7．Why does the author mention "fleshy fruits" and "fruiting times" in paragraph 3
A．To explain relations between fruit plants and migratory birds.
B．To clarify the reason why birds migrate in fruiting times.
C．To present a fact that migratory bird eats flesh fruits.
D．To show that fruits depend on migratory birds.
8．What is the text mainly about
A．The advantage of fruit plants.
B．The destination of the bird migration.
C．The adaptation of fruit plants to the climate change.
D．The influence of climate change on plants and animals.
（2022高三上·温州月考）阅读理解
Around the globe far more
bird species are losing ground than gaining, according to an expansive review
of a half-century of bird population research published in the journal Annual
Review of Environment and Resources in May.
The review, entitled The State
of the World's Birds, showed that more than 5,200 different species of
birds-just shy of half the world's total-are known or suspected to be
declining. Around 3,800 species are relatively stable, and fewer than 700
species show increases. Among birds on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,
almost 400 birds worldwide have had their conservation status changed for the
worse in the past three decades (moving from vulnerable to threatened, or
threatened to endangered) — five times more than the
number of bird species with an IUCN status that has changed for the better.
"After documenting the
loss of nearly 3 billion birds in North America alone (according to a 2019
study published in the journal Science), it was disturbing to see the same
patterns of population declines and extinction occurring globally," says
review coauthor Ken Rosenberg, a conservation scientist now retired from the
Cormell Lab of Omithology.
The review points to
disappearing and degraded habitat-resulting from climate change, urbanization,
agricultural intensification, and international trade-as the leading driver of
bird declines worldwide. In a note of hope, the authors cite a 2020 study
indicating that restoring just 5% of habitat in priority areas around the world
could avert 60% of likely
extinctions.
Lead author Alexander Lees,
a research associate at the Cormell Lab, also points to the need for
substantial changes in human behavior to prevent further losses. "Loss and
degradation of habitat is often driven by demand for resources," says
Lees. "We need to better consider how commodity flows such as beef, oil,
and seed crops can contribute to biodiversity loss and try to reduce the human
footprint on the natural world."
9．In what order are threatened species arranged on the IUCN's Red List
A．Species quantity. B．Living habitat.
C．Declining rate. D．Conservation status.
10．How does Ken Rosenberg feel when saying the words
A．Hopeful. B．Relieved. C．Doubtful. D．Concerned.
11．What does the underlined "avert" mean in paragraph 4
A．Prevent. B．Increase. C．Cause. D．Face.
12．What is the last paragraph mainly about
A．Extra reasons for bird extinction.
B．Possible solutions to habitat loss.
C．Substantial changes in human behavior.
D．The prospect of biodiversity loss.
（2022高三上·山东期中）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Migratory (迁徙的) birds are declining globally because of the way that humans have
changed the landscape over recent decades — according to new research from the
University of East Anglia (UEA).
A new study
published today reveals that population declines have been greatest among
species that migrate to areas with more human infrastructure — roads,
buildings, power lines, wind turbines (涡轮机) — as well as
more population and hunting levels.
Dr. James Gilroy,
from UEA's School of Environmental Sciences, said, "We know that migratory
birds are in greater decline than non-migratory species, but it's not clear
why. We want to find out where in their life cycles these migratory species are
most exposed to human impacts."
The research team
identified 16 human-induced threats to migratory birds, including
infrastructure associated with bird disturbance and impacts, transformation of
land from natural habitat to human land use, and climate change. Advances in
satellite imagery allowed the team to map each of the 16 threats across Europe,
Africa and Western Asia. The team also created the first ever large-scale map
of hunting pressure across the region. A total of 103 species of migrating
birds were studied, including many rapidly declining species like the turtle
dove and the common cuckoo, using large-scale datasets. The team calculated
threat scores for factors such as habitat loss and climate change, across
breeding locations, as well as non-breeding ranges. They then explored the
relationships between these threat scores and bird population trends calculated
from 1985 to 2018 by the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme (PECBMS).
Dr. Aldina
Franco, also from UEA's School of Environmental Sciences, said, "Our
findings are important because we need to understand where declining species
are being most impacted by humans across their seasonal migrations. Locating
where birds are most exposed to these threats could help us target conservation
actions."
13．What causes migratory birds to decrease
A．A longer migratory route. B．Serious industrial pollution.
C．Illegal hunting from humans. D．The changing of landscape.
14．What does the underlined word "infrastructure" in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Basic systems and services. B．Local transportation.
C．Internet facilities. D．Power supplies.
15．What does paragraph 4 talk about
A．The results of the study. B．The promise of the study.
C．The process of the study. D．The database of the study.
16．What is the purpose of studying migratory birds according to Dr. Aldina Franco
A．To raise people's awareness of protecting birds.
B．To offer advice to do conservation work precisely.
C．To stress the necessity of increasing bird population.
D．To state the importance of living in harmony with nature.
（2022·辽宁模拟）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项 （A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
The Amazon rainforest, is as undisturbed a place as most people can imagine, but even there, the effects of a changing climate are playing out. Now, research suggests that many of the region's most sensitive bird species are starting to evolve in response to warming.
Birds are often considered sentinel（哨兵）species-meaning that they indicate the overall health of an ecosystem-so scientists are particularly interested in how they're responding to climate change. In general, the news has not been good. For instance, a 2019 report by the National Audubon Society found that more than two-thirds of North America's bird species will be in danger of extinction by 2100 if warming trends continue on their current course.
For the new study, researchers collected the biggest dataset so far on the Amazon's resident birds, representing 77 non-migratory species and lasting the 40 years from 1979 to 2019. During the study period, the average temperature in the region rose, while the amount of rainfall declined, making for a hotter, dryer climate overall. According to the report on November 12 in the journal Science Advances, 36 species have lost substantial weight, as much as 2 percent of their body weight per decade since 1980. Meanwhile, all the species showed some decrease in average body mass, while a third grew longer wings.
Because of the study's long time series and large sample sizes, the authors were able to show the morphological（形态学的）effects of climate change on resident birds. However, the researchers themselves are unsure and wonder what advantage the wing length changes give the birds, but suppose smaller birds may have an easier time keeping cool. In general, smaller animals have a larger rate of surface area to body size, so they dissipate more heat faster than a bigger animal. Less available food, such as fruit or insects, in dryer weather might lead to smaller body size.
17．Why are scientists fond of doing research on birds
A．They have small body sizes.
B．They are sensitive to hot weather.
C．They live in an undisturbed rainforest.
D．They are ecological balance indicators.
18．What can we learn from the new study
A．A third of species have been extinct for a decade.
B．36 species lost 2% of their body weight every year.
C．Two-thirds of species showed a considerable decrease in weight.
D．About 26 species responded to climate change with longer wings.
19．What does the underlined word "dissipate" in the last paragraph mean
A．Put off. B．Give off. C．Put away. D．Give away.
20．What would probably the researchers further study
A．Why it is easier for smaller animals to keep cool.
B．What effects the wing length changes have on birds.
C．Why the Amazonian birds have lost substantial weight.
D．Whether bird species in North America will be extinct in 2100.
21．（2019高三上·汉中月考）阅读理解
Feeding birds is a popular way to watch
wildlife. But experts say it might put wild birds at risk.
Feeding birds is not necessary
for their survival except in extreme weather conditions. Feeders(喂食器)can
definitely help birds get through that kind of weather. But most birds eat
insects and show little interest in bird feeders. For those birds, we can grow
native plants in a natural environment. Birds which are fond of eating seeds
will be more likely to come to feeders if there is some cover nearby. This lets
them feed and then fly to protective areas, such as in trees.
The most common mistake people
make with their bird feeders is that they put feeders in places where birds are
easily frightened by passers-by, risk being hurt by cats, or risk flying into
windows.
So set up a bird feeder at
least one meter away from a window. That way, if a bird gets frightened, it
won't get killed when it hits the glass. Owners of cats should keep them inside
home so they can't hurt the birds.
Some birds are more aggressive
at feeders. They eat a lot and do not leave much food for other birds. A
solution is to put the food in more than one place by using different kinds of
seeds or fruits. This can also increase the number and diversity of birds in
your neighborhood. But don't feed wild birds anything salty, like potato chips,
or food that could choke them, like bread.
Pay attention to food quality
and freshness. Unprotected food left too long in feeders will turn moldy(发霉),
which can kill wildlife.
Another word of advice: Always
provide a supply of clean water for birds, but use care when looking for the
right birdbath. If the birdbaths are too deep for birds, putting a few large
stones in the water can give the birds a place to sit.
（1）What's the most common mistake about feeding birds
A．Putting feeders in improper places.
B．Providing food in inappropriate time.
C．Leaving feeders unprotected.
D．Supplying dirty and deep water.
（2）Which of the following may not be suitable for feeding birds
A．Seeds. B．Bread. C．Fruit. D．Insects.
（3）The author advises helping more birds by .
A．increasing the number of feeders
B．cleaning the birds with clean water
C．putting more large stones in the feeders
D．keeping aggressive birds away from the feeders
（4）What is the text mainly about
A．Problems with bird feeding.
B．Where to place bird feeders.
C．Popular ways of protecting wild birds.
D．How to feed wild birds safely and healthily.
（2022高三上·邻水月考）阅读下列短文, 从每小题所给的A,B,C,D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Animals
can move from place to place, but plants cannot. When an animal is under attack,
it can run away or fight back. Plants certainly cannot run away, and they lack
teeth and claws. But plants can defend themselves by using both physical and
chemical means.
Some
plants have their own ways to keep animals away. For example, the leaves of the
holly plant have sharp spines(刺)that discourage
grass eating animals. Holly leaves on lower branches have more spines than
leaves on upper branches. This is because the lower leaves are easier for most
animals to reach.
Some plants, such as the oak tree, have thick and hard
leaves that are difficult for animals to eat. Some grasses may contain a sandy
material；eating such grasses wears down the
animal's teeth.
Many
plants also have chemical defenses, some plants produce chemicals that taste
bitter or cause an unpleasant reaction. Some plants may fight against an attack
by increasing the production of these chemicals. When a caterpillar(毛虫)bites a tobacco leaf, the leaf produces a chemical messenger. This
messenger sends to the roots the information to produce more nicotine. The
higher levels of nicotine discourage the caterpillar.
Many plants depend on both physical and chemical defenses.
A certain plant in China, for instance, has prickly(多刺的)leaves, and each prickle contains
poisonous venom(毒液)．A single
experience with this kind of plant will teach an animal to stay away from it in
the future.
22．The holly plant has more spines on the lower leaves because most animals ________.
A．are not tall enough B．like the lower leaves only
C．are not clever enough D．can get the lower leaves easily
23．To defend themselves, oak trees use ________.
A．chemical means B．physical means
C．bitter chemicals D．sandy materials
24．How does tobacco protect itself against an attack from a caterpillar
A．Its leaves fight against the attack by physical means.
B．Its roots send a messenger to discourage the caterpillar.
C．Its roots increase the production of nicotine when it is attacked.
D．Its leaves produce poisonous sand to drive the caterpillar away.
25．What would be the best title for this passage
A．Plants and Animals B．How Plants Defend Themselves
C．Attacks and Defenses D．How Animals Eat Plant Leaves
（2022高三上·唐县模拟）阅读理解
Dogs Trained to Find Endangered Animals
Many dogs are very hard - working animals. They have been helping people for thousands of years. Dogs protect our homes. They help people with disabilities. They team up with rescue workers in search -and - rescue operations. And now, dogs can add another job to their resumes—finding endangered animals! The official title for this kind of work is conservation detection dog.
Luke Edwards is a dog owner and trainer. He is training two border collies (边境牧羊犬), named Rubble and Uda, to become conservation detection dogs.
He says that border collies are good for this kind of work because they have a great, sense of smell. The dogs also have great stamina—the mental and physical strength to work long hours.
Recently, the dogs went on their most difficult job yet - finding the Baw Baw frog. This frog is one of Australia's most endangered animals.
The work is difficult mainly because of the search area. Just to get to the place where the frogs live. the dogs and their trainers must walk far distances through alpine (高山) forests. It is difficult but important work.
A deadly fungus (真菌) has killed nearly all of Australia's Baw Baw frogs. In fact, scientists say these creatures could disappear in the next five to ten years.
Zoos Victoria is a group set up to protect wildlife. Conservation experts there claim that since 1980 the deadly fungus has killed off 98 percent of the Baw Baw frogs.
So. Zoos Victoria is trying to save the frogs. Experts there raise them and have them reproduce. They call it their captive breeding program.
26．What's the main idea of Paragraph 1
A．Many people like dogs.
B．Dogs are very friendly to people.
C．Some dogs are trained to help blind people and deaf people.
D．Dogs have acted as a new role.
27．What does the underlined word "stamina" in Paragraph 3 mean
A．Toughness. B．Difference C．Description. D．Explanation
28．The main reason why finding the Baw Baw frog is difficult is that______.
A．the distance is far away and the site is dangerous
B．frogs don't make a call
C．there is deadly fungus
D．they mainly live underground
29．Where does this text come from
A．A geography book. B．Science fiction.
C．Children's literature. D．A book on animals.
（2021·杭州模拟）阅读理解
Bananas and apples continue to ripen after being picked. Cherries
and grapes do not. The difference between climacteric (后熟的) and non-climacteric fruits matters to fruit growers and
greengrocers, who must ensures their products are in excellent condition when
arriving at the marketplace. But how those differences originally came about
remains unclear.
In a paper in Biology Letters, Fukano Yuya and Tachiki Yuuya of
the University of Tokyo offer a suggestion. Fruits, they observe, exist to
solve a problem faced by all plants - how best to spread their progeny around.
Wrapping their seeds in a sugary flesh, to provide a tasty meal, serves as a
way to got animals to do this for them. They do, however, need to ensure their
fruits favour the animals most likely to do the distributing. They propose that
climacterism or non-climacterism is a way to achieve this. If ground-living
animals are the main distributors, then the continuing ripening of fallen fruit
is beneficial. If, by contrast, those distributors are tree-living or flying
animals, which can feed on unfallen fruit, then non-climacteric fruits will do
well.
To test their idea, the two researchers combed through 276 papers
about 80 sorts of fruits. They discovered 35 of these fruits were eaten by both
groups of animals. But of those where one group or the other were the dominant
consumers, 15 of the 19 eaten mainly by ground-living animals were climacteric.
Their assumption is strengthened by other evidence. They point out
non-climacteric fruits tend to have vivid colors which may help them stand out
amid the leaves, advertising their presence. Climacteric fruits are generally
better hidden, making them harder to spot until they have fallen to the ground.
30．What did the two researchers try to find out through their study
A．What enables fruits to stay in perfect condition.
B．How some fruits stand out in the trees, but others fail.
C．How many animals play the role of distributors for fruits.
D．Why some fruits stop ripening when picked, and others don't.
31．What does the underlined word "progeny" in the second paragraph mean
A．Later generations. B．Hidden qualities.
C．Fresh fragrance. D．Unknown disease.
32．What do we know about non-climacteric fruits
A．Bananas definitely fall into the category.
B．They may appeal to flying birds.
C．They tend to remain hidden among leaves.
D．Ground-living animals generally feed on them.
33．What's the best title of this text
A．The Condition of Products: What Greengrocers Care.
B．The Reproduction of Plants: Depending on Themselves.
C．The Evolution of Fruit: Finding the Right Distributors.
D．The Choice of Animals: Looking for bright-colored fruits.
（2021高三上·榆树月考）阅读理解
The blue whale is
the largest animal that has ever lived. It can reach 30 meters long and weigh as
much as 181,000 kilograms. The animal's heart alone weighs more than a fully grown
cow. For the first time ever, scientists have recorded its heart rate.
Stanford University
ocean biologist Jeremy Goldbogen led the study of the blue whaled heart rate. To
get this reading, the researchers attached an electrocardiogram device(心电图设备) to the body of a blue whale. They recorded
nine hours of information on a 22-meter-long male from the Pacific Ocean off the
coast of California. The data did not come easily.
"First, we have
to find a blue whale, which can be very arduous," Goldbogen said, because
these animals live across massive areas of the open ocean. But, with years of research
experience and some luck, he explained, the team was able to position a small boat
along the whalers left side.
Then, the researchers
connected a special recording device to a very long pole. As the whale surfaced
to breathe, they quickly put the device as near to the animal's heart as possible.
The small device had four suction cups(吸盘) on it, permitting it to remain on the whale for several hours.
They found out that
when the blue whale dived for food, its heart rate dropped to between 4 to 8 beats
per minute—with the lowest being two beats per minute. At the bottom of the hunting
dive, the whale's heart rate rose to about 2. 5 times the minimum and then decreased
again. Once the whale got its fill and began to surface, the heart rate increased.
The highest heart rate — 25 to 37 beats per minute — occurred after the whale came
out of the water for air. The findings are different from what scientists have already
known — larger animals have slower heart rates. Therefore, they believe that such
research helps scientists understand how huge animals operate.
34．What does the underlined word "arduous" in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Urgent. B．Important. C．Difficult. D．Impractical.
35．What are the suction cups used to do
A．Place the boat beside the whale.
B．Connect the device with the whale.
C．Record the heart rate of the whale.
D．Confirm the position of the whale.
36．When can the blue whale's heart rate reach the highest
A．When it is diving for food.
B．When it is consuming food underwater.
C．When it begins to come out.
D．When it breathes on the surface of water.
37．Where is the text most likely from
A．A research plan. B．A science report.
C．A biology textbook. D．A health magazine.
答案解析部分
【答案】1．B
2．C
3．D
4．D
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
1．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. ”虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就能熟练地使用工具；以及“the birds were given five differently shaped ‘keys’ to choose from. Inserting, the correct ‘keys’ would let out the nut. ”研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的“钥匙”供它们选择。插入，正确的“钥匙”会让坚果出来。可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。故选B。
2．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age ”在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里。可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。
3．考查推理判断。根据最后一段“The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. ”根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状。可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。
4．考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“Coffin's cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. ”科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似。可推知，本文介绍了会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。“凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工”最适合作为本文标题。故选D。
【答案】5．B
6．C
7．A
8．C
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了植物是如何适应气候变化的。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
5．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"One explanation for long-distance seed dispersal is through transport by migratory(迁徙的) birds. Such birds swallow seeds when eating fruit and can move them tens or hundreds of kilometres outside the range of a plant species.”对种子长距离传播的一种解释是通过候鸟的运输。这样的鸟在吃水果的时候会吞下种子，并能把种子带到植物物种的活动范围之外几十或几百公里的地方。可知，植物会通过候鸟迁徙将其种子传播到远方，植物通过这种方式来适应过热的气候。故选B。
6．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"Plants with fleshy fruits were chosen for this study because most of their seed transport is by migratory birds, and because fleshy-fruited plants are an important part of the woody-plant community in Europe.”选择肉质果实植物进行这项研究，因为它们的种子大部分是由候鸟运输的，而且肉质果实植物是欧洲木本植物群落的重要组成部分，可知，该研究选择将肉质果实植物作为研究对象主要是因为是它们的种子是由候鸟运输的。故选C。
7．考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"Gonzáiez-Vary and colleagues report how plants might be able to keep pace with rapid climate change with the help of migratory birds.”Gonzáiez-Vary和他的同事报告了植物如何在候鸟的帮助下能够跟上快速的气候变化，提到植物在候鸟的帮助下跟上快速的气候变化；以及“The authors analysed the fruiting times of plants, patterns of bird migration and the interactions between fruit-eating birds and fleshy-fruited plants across Europe.”作者分析了欧洲各地植物的结果期、鸟类迁徙的模式以及以水果为食的鸟类和肉质果实植物之间的相互作用。可知，本段提到“肉质果实”和“结果期”是为了找出植物的果实与候鸟迁徙之间的联系，这样候鸟迁徙才能帮助植物果实传播，从而跟上气候变化。故选A。
8．考查主旨大意。根据第三段中的"Gonzáiez-Vary and colleagues report how plants might be able to keep pace with rapid climate change with the help of migratory birds.”Gonzáiez-Vary和他的同事报告了植物如何在候鸟的帮助下能够跟上快速的气候变化，可知，本文主要介绍了植物是如何适应气候变化的。故选C。
【答案】9．D
10．D
11．A
12．B
【知识点】主旨大意题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了今年5月发表在《环境与资源年度评论》杂志上的一篇对半个世纪鸟类种群研究的综述称，在全球范围内，失去的鸟类物种远远多于增加的鸟类物种。这篇题为《世界鸟类状况》的综述显示，超过5200种不同的鸟类——略少于世界鸟类总数的一半——已知或怀疑正在减少。文章主要对鸟类保护展开了说明。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
9．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"Among birds on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, almost 400 birds worldwide have had their conservation status changed for the worse in the past three decades (moving from vulnerable to threatened, or threatened to endangered) — five times more than the number of bird species with an IUCN status that has changed for the better.”在世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录上的鸟类中，全球有近400种鸟类的保护状况在过去30年里发生了恶化（从易危到受威胁，或从受威胁到濒危——这是国际自然保护联盟保护状况好转的鸟类数量的5倍多。可知，世界自然保护联盟红色名录上的濒危物种是按保护状况排列的。故选D。
10．考查细节理解。根据第三段"‘After documenting the loss of nearly 3 billion birds in North America alone (according to a 2019 study published in the journal Science), it was disturbing to see the same patterns of population declines and extinction occurring globally，’ says review coauthor Ken Rosenberg, a conservation scientist now retired from the Cormell Lab of Omithology.”"根据2019年发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究，仅在记录了北美地区近30亿只鸟类的损失后，看到同样的数量下降和灭绝模式在全球发生，令人不安"该综述的合著者、现已从科梅尔鸟类学实验室退休的保护科学家肯·罗森伯格说。可知，肯·罗森伯格说这句话感到担忧。故选D。
11．考查词义猜测。根据第四段中的"In a note of hope, the authors cite a 2020 study indicating that restoring just 5% of habitat in priority areas around the world could"；以及"60% of likely extinctions"可知，在一份充满希望的报告中，作者引用了2020年的一项研究，该研究表明，只要恢复世界各地重点地区5%的栖息地，就可以阻止60%的可能灭绝。可推知 avert 意思是"阻止"。故选A。
12．考查主旨大意。根据最后一段"Lead author Alexander Lees, a research associate at the Cormell Lab, also points to the need for substantial changes in human behavior to prevent further losses.‘Loss and degradation of habitat is often driven by demand for resources，'says Lees. "We need to better consider how commodity flows such as beef, oil, and seed crops can contribute to biodiversity loss and try to reduce the human footprint on the natural world."该研究的主要作者、科梅尔实验室的助理研究员亚历山大·李斯还指出，为了防止进一步的损失，人类行为需要发生实质性的改变。"栖息地的丧失和退化往往是由对资源的需求引起的，"李斯说。"我们需要更好地考虑牛肉、石油和种子作物等商品流动是如何导致生物多样性丧失的，并努力减少人类对自然界的足迹。”可知，最后一段主要讲的是栖息地丧失的可能解决办法。故选B。
【答案】13．D
14．A
15．C
16．B
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；段落大意题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了迁徙鸟类数量下降的原因与人类活动有关，研究指出了迁徙鸟类受到的种种威胁，目的是提醒人们如何保护迁徙鸟类。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和段落大意四个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
13．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Migratory (迁徙的) birds are declining globally because of the way that humans have changed the landscape over recent decades”由于近几十年来人类改变了地貌，候鸟数量在全球范围内正在减少。可知，人类活动使得地貌在过去几十年里发生改变，导致迁徙鸟类数量减少。故选D。
14．考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的“roads, buildings, power lines, wind turbines (涡轮机) ”道路，建筑物，输电线，风力涡轮机，可推知，划线单词infrastructure指一些基础设施及服务，与“基本系统和服务”意思一样。故选A。
15．考查段落大意。根据第四段“The research team identified 16 human-induced threats to migratory birds, including infrastructure associated with bird disturbance and impacts, transformation of land from natural habitat to human land use, and climate change. Advances in satellite imagery allowed the team to map each of the 16 threats across Europe, Africa and Western Asia. The team also created the first ever large-scale map of hunting pressure across the region. A total of 103 species of migrating birds were studied, including many rapidly declining species like the turtle dove and the common cuckoo, using large-scale datasets. The team calculated threat scores for factors such as habitat loss and climate change, across breeding locations, as well as non-breeding ranges. They then explored the relationships between these threat scores and bird population trends calculated from 1985 to 2018 by the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme (PECBMS).”研究小组确定了16种人为因素对候鸟造成的威胁，包括与鸟类干扰和影响有关的基础设施、土地从自然栖息地转变为人类土地使用以及气候变化。在卫星地图方面的进步使得研究小组能够绘制出欧洲、非洲和西亚的16种威胁。研究小组还绘制了该地区有史以来第一张大比例尺的狩猎压力地图。利用大规模数据集对103种迁徙鸟类进行了研究，其中包括许多迅速衰退的物种，如斑鸠和杜鹃。研究小组计算了各种因素的威胁分数，如栖息地丧失和气候变化，不同的繁殖地点，以及非繁殖范围。然后，他们通过泛欧共同鸟类监测计划计算了1985年至2018年间的鸟类数量趋势，探讨了这些威胁评分与鸟类数量趋势之间的关系。可推知，第四段谈论的是该项研究的过程。故选C。
16．考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“Locating where birds are most exposed to these threats could help us target conservation actions.”找到鸟类最容易受到这些威胁的地方可以帮助我们锁定保护行动的目标。可推知，这项研究可以帮助研究者们精准地采取措施，保护迁徙鸟类。故选B。
【答案】17．D
18．D
19．B
20．B
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了气候变化对鸟的影响。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
17．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Birds are often considered sentinel（哨兵）species-meaning that they indicate the overall health of an ecosystem-so scientists are particularly interested in how they're responding to climate change.”鸟常被认为是物种的哨兵，指的是它们能暗示生态系统的整体健康，因此科学家关注它们对气候变化的反应。可知，科学家喜欢研究鸟是因为鸟是生态系统平衡的暗示者。故选D。
18．考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“representing 77 non-migratory species”在研究的77种不迁移的鸟类中；以及“while a third grew longer wings. ”1/3的鸟长着较长的翅膀，可知，大约26种鸟类长着较长的翅膀来应对气候变化。故选D。
19．考查词义猜测。根据最后一段中的“smaller birds may have an easier time keeping cool. In general, smaller animals have a larger rate of surface area to body size ”较小的鸟可能很快就会凉下来。总体来讲，相对于身体尺寸而言，较小动物的表面积较大。可知较小动物的表面积相对于自身整体而言较大，因此散发热量就容易，dissipate的意思是“散发”，故选B。
20．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“However, the researchers themselves are unsure and wonder what advantage the wing length changes give the birds, ”然而，研究者自己也不确信，对鸟的翅膀长度变化对鸟有什么好处感到困惑。可知，研究者将进一步研究鸟的翅膀长度变化对鸟有什么影响。故选B。
21．【答案】（1）A
（2）B
（3）A
（4）D
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文, 人们在喂鸟的时候无意中会给鸟儿带来危险, 作者解释了这些危险并提出了安全喂鸟的建议。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第三段"The most common mistake people make with their bird feeders is that they put feeders in places where birds are easily frightened by passers-by, risk being hurt by cats, or risk flying into windows. "可知人们在喂鸟的时候, 最常见的错误是把喂鸟器放在错误的地方, 这样给鸟儿带来了很多危险。故选A。
（2）考查细节理解。根据倒数第三段中的"But don't feed wild birds anything salty, like potato chips, or food that could choke them, like bread. "可知作者建议人们不要喂给鸟儿薯条和面包, 因为这些食物不适合喂鸟。故选B。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的"A solution is to put the food in more than one place by using different kinds of seeds or fruits. "可知作者建议我们把食物放在多个地方, 并提供不同种类的食物。这样做, 自然是要增加喂鸟器的数量。故选A。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据第一段"Feeding birds is a popular way to watch wildlife. But experts say it might put wild birds at risk. "可知本文主要讲述的是喂鸟会给鸟儿带来一定的危险；第三段介绍了具体的危险, 后四段里提出具体的安全喂鸟的建议。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
【答案】22．D
23．B
24．C
25．B
【知识点】主旨大意题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了不能移动的植物是如何保护自己的，有些植物采取了物理学上的方法，有些采取了化学上的方法，让自己免受有关动物的伤害，保护自己。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，要是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
22．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“For example, the leaves of the holly plant have sharp spines (刺) that discourage grass-eating animals. Holly leaves on lower branches have more spines than leaves on upper branches. This is because the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach.”例如，冬青植物的叶子有尖锐的刺，阻止食草动物。冬青树下部的叶子比上部的叶子有更多的刺。这是因为下部的叶子对大多数动物来说更容易够到。可知，冬青植物下部的叶子上有更多的刺，因为大多数动物可以很容易地得到下部的叶子。故选D。
23．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Some plants, such as the oak tree, have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat.”一些植物，如橡树，有让动物吃起来困难的厚而硬的叶子，可知，橡树使用的是物理上的方法，让个树叶更硬跟难吃。故选B。
24．考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“When a caterpillar (毛虫) bites a tobacco leaf, the leaf produces a chemical messenger. This messenger sends to the roots the information to produce more nicotine.”当毛虫咬烟叶时，烟叶会产生一种化学信使。这个信使向根发送信息以产生更多的尼古丁。可知，烟草通过它的根来保护自己免受毛虫的攻击，当它受到攻击时，增加尼古丁的产生。故选C。
25．考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“Plants certainly cannot run away, and they lack teeth and claws. But plants can defend themselves by using both physical and chemical means.”植物当然跑不掉，它们没有牙齿和爪子。但是植物可以通过物理和化学手段来保护自己；及下文举例可知，文章主要介绍了不能移动的植物是如何保护自己的。“植物如何保护自己”适合作本文最佳标题。故选B。
【答案】26．D
27．A
28．A
29．D
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；段落大意题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了狗的新工作——保护探测犬，被训练去寻找濒危动物以及救助超声波蛙所遇到的困难，由于汪汪蛙的生长地方路途遥远，且受到一种真菌的危害，处于濒临灭绝的境地。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和段落大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
26．考查段落大意。根据第一段中的“And now, dogs can add another job to their resumes—finding endangered animals! The official title for this kind of work is conservation detection dog. ”现在，狗的简历上又多了一项工作——寻找濒危动物!这种工作的官方名称是保护探测犬。可知，第一段主要说了以前的时候狗狗的工作种类，以及现在他们可以做的新的工作。故选D。
27．考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的“The dogs also have great stamina—the mental and physical strength to work long hours .”狗也有很强的stamina——长时间工作的脑力和体力。可知，能长时间工作指的是毅力和耐力，划线词与toughness“韧性”意思相近。故选A。
28．考查细节理解。根据第五段“The work is difficult mainly because of the search area. Just to get to the place where the frogs live. the dogs and their trainers must walk far distances through alpine(高山)forests . It is difficult but important work.”这项工作的困难主要在于搜索区域。只是为了去青蛙生活的地方。这些狗和它们的训练员必须在高山森林中走很远的距离。这是一项困难但重要的工作。可知，找到超声波蛙的困难之处是因为路途遥远且危险。故选A。
29．考查推理判断。根据标题“Dogs Trained to Find Endangered Animals”被训练去寻找濒危动物的狗；以及下文内容可知，本文通篇都在说狗的新工作,被训练去寻找濒危动物，并讲述了狗救助超声波蛙的困难以及这种青蛙濒临灭绝的境地，因此判断这是一篇关于动物的文章，来自关于动物的书籍。故选D。
【答案】30．D
31．A
32．B
33．C
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；词义猜测题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了水果进化过程中如何寻找到合适的传播者来传播它们的后代。
【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
30．考查推理判断。根据第一段"Bananas and apples continue to ripen after being picked. Cherries and grapes do not. The difference between climacteric (后熟的) and non-climacteric fruits matters to fruit growers and greengrocers, who must ensures their products are in excellent condition when arriving at the marketplace. But how those differences originally came about remains unclear.”香蕉和苹果在采摘后继续成熟。樱桃和葡萄则不然。成熟期水果和非成熟期水果之间的区别对水果种植者和蔬菜水果商来说很重要，他们必须确保他们的产品在到达市场时处于良好的状态。但这些分歧最初是如何产生的仍不清楚；以及第二段中的"In a paper in Biology Letters, Fukano Yuya and Tachiki Yuuya of the University of Tokyo offer a suggestion.”在《生物学快报》上发表的一篇论文中，东京大学的深野祐也(Fukano Yuya)和立木祐也(Tachiki Yuuya)提出了一个建议。可知，两位研究人员试图通过研究找出为什么有些水果采摘后会停止成熟，而另一些则不会。故选D。
31．考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的"Wrapping their seeds in a sugary flesh, to provide a tasty meal, serves as a way to got animals to do this for them.”将种子包裹在含糖的果肉中，作为一顿美味的晚餐，这是一种让动物为它们做这些的方法。可知，他们观察到，果实的存在是为了解决所有植物都面临的一个问题——如何最好地传播它们的后代。progeny意为"后代"。故选A。
32．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"They point out non-climacteric fruits tend to have vivid colors which may help them stand out amid the leaves, advertising their presence.”他们指出，处于非成熟期的水果往往有鲜艳的颜色，这可能有助于它们在叶子中脱颖而出，宣传自己的存在。可知，非成熟期的水果可能对飞禽有吸引力。故选B。
33．考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的"But how those differences originally came about remains unclear.”但这些分歧最初是如何产生的仍不清楚；以及第二段中的"In a paper in Biology Letters, Fukano Yuya and Tachiki Yuuya of the University of Tokyo offer a suggestion. Fruits, they observe, exist to solve a problem faced by all plants - how best to spread their progeny around.”在《生物学快报》上发表的一篇论文中，东京大学的深野祐也(Fukano Yuya)和立木祐也(Tachiki Yuuya)提出了一个建议。他们观察到，果实的存在是为了解决所有植物都面临的一个问题——如何最好地传播它们的后代。可知，文章主要讲述了水果的进化过程中如何选择合适的传播者。故选C。
【答案】34．C
35．B
36．D
37．B
【知识点】主旨大意题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一项科学发现，科学家第一次测得蓝鲸的心率。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
34．考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的"because these animals live across massive areas of the open ocean. But, with years of research experience and some luck, he explained, the team was able to position a small boat along the whalers left side."因为这些动物生活在广阔的开阔海域。 但是，凭借多年的研究经验和一些运气，他解释说，该团队能够沿着捕鲸者的左侧放置一艘小船。 可知,画线词所在句应是说找到一头蓝漾可能是非常困难的。arduous的含义应是"艰难的，费力的"，与difficult的含义相似，故选C。
35．考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“The small device had four suction cups(吸盘) on it, permitting it to remain on the whale for several hours.”这个小设备上有四个吸盘，使得它可以留在漾鱼身上几个小时。可知，这些吸盘是用来将心电图设备和蓝鲸连接起来的，故选B。
36．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的" The highest heart rate — 25 to 37 beats per minute — occurred after the whale came out of the water for air.“最高的心率——每分钟 25 到 37 次——发生在鲸鱼从水中出来呼吸空气之后。 可知，科学家们记录到的最高心率出现在蓝鲸浮出水面呼吸时，故选D。
37．考查推理判断。纵观全文可知，本文主要介绍的是一项科学发现，即科学家第一次测得蓝鲸的心率。可推断本文应出自科学报告，故选B。
【备战2023高考英语】全国甲卷真题变式：02 阅读·科普类
一、真题
（2022·全国甲卷）阅读理解
Goffin's cockatoos, a
kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar
shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use
tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the
cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut
inside it. The clear front of the box had a "keyhole" in a geometric
shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped "keys" to choose
from. Inserting the correct "key" would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can
put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be
another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical（对称的） shapes. his ability to recognize that a shape will need to be
turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an
"allocentric frame of reference". In the experiment, Goffin's
cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by
visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did
better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin's cockatoos do
indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space,
similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step,
according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely
entirely on visual clues（线索）, or
also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
1．How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment
A．By following instructions. B．By using a tool.
C．By turning the box around. D．By removing the lid.
2．Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text
A．Using a key to unlock a door. B．Telling parrots from other birds.
C．Putting a ball into a round hole. D．Grouping toys of different shapes.
3．What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos
A．How far they are able to see.
B．How they track moving objects.
C．Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D．Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
4．Which can be a suitable title for the text
A．Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B．Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C．Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D．Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
【答案】1．B
2．C
3．D
4．D
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
1．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. ”虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就能熟练地使用工具；以及“the birds were given five differently shaped ‘keys’ to choose from. Inserting, the correct ‘keys’ would let out the nut. ”研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的“钥匙”供它们选择。插入，正确的“钥匙”会让坚果出来。可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。故选B。
2．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age ”在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里。可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。
3．考查推理判断。根据最后一段“The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. ”根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状。可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。
4．考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“Coffin's cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. ”科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似。可推知，本文介绍了会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。“凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工”最适合作为本文标题。故选D。
二、变式题
（2023高三上·福建期末）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
The rapid pace of global
warming and its effects on habitats raise the question of whether species are
able to keep up so that they remain in suitable living conditions. Some animals
can move fast to adjust to a swiftly changing climate. Plants, being less
mobile, rely on means such as seed dispersal(传播) by animals, wind or water
to move to new areas, but this redistribution typically occurs within one
kilometre of the original plant.
When the climate in a plant's
usual range becomes hotter than it can tolerate, it must find new, cooler areas
that might lie many kilometres away. One explanation for long-distance seed
dispersal is through transport by migratory (迁徙的) birds. Such birds swallow
seeds when eating fruit and can move them tens or hundreds of kilometres
outside the range of a plant species.
Gonzáiez-Vary and
colleagues report how plants might be able to keep pace with rapid climate
change with the help of migratory birds. The authors analysed the fruiting
times of plants, patterns of bird migration and the interactions between
fruit-eating birds and fleshy-fruited plants across Europe. Plants with fleshy
fruits were chosen for this study because most of their seed transport is by
migratory birds, and because fleshy-fruited plants are an important part of the
woody-plant community in Europe. The common approach until now has been to
predict plant dispersal using models fitted to abiotic (非生物的) factors such as the current climate. Gonzáiez-Vary instead
analysed an impressive data set of 949 different seed-dispersal interactions
between bird and plant communities, together with data on entire fruiting times
and migratory patterns of birds across Europe. The researchers also analysed
DNA traces from bird wastes to identify the plants and birds responsible for
seed dispersal.
5．How do species adapt to climate changes when it's too hot
A．All animals will move away across great distanced.
B．Some plants depend on migratory birds to carry seeds.
C．Some plants depend on animals, wind or water to move.
D．Plants' seeds disperse to cooler places of several kilometres away.
6．Why did researchers mainly study fleshy-fruited plants
A．Most of these can't fit rapid climate change
B．Migratory birds like making nests in them
C．Migratory birds transport their seeds.
D．They are favoured by most birds.
7．Why does the author mention "fleshy fruits" and "fruiting times" in paragraph 3
A．To explain relations between fruit plants and migratory birds.
B．To clarify the reason why birds migrate in fruiting times.
C．To present a fact that migratory bird eats flesh fruits.
D．To show that fruits depend on migratory birds.
8．What is the text mainly about
A．The advantage of fruit plants.
B．The destination of the bird migration.
C．The adaptation of fruit plants to the climate change.
D．The influence of climate change on plants and animals.
【答案】5．B
6．C
7．A
8．C
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了植物是如何适应气候变化的。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
5．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"One explanation for long-distance seed dispersal is through transport by migratory(迁徙的) birds. Such birds swallow seeds when eating fruit and can move them tens or hundreds of kilometres outside the range of a plant species.”对种子长距离传播的一种解释是通过候鸟的运输。这样的鸟在吃水果的时候会吞下种子，并能把种子带到植物物种的活动范围之外几十或几百公里的地方。可知，植物会通过候鸟迁徙将其种子传播到远方，植物通过这种方式来适应过热的气候。故选B。
6．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"Plants with fleshy fruits were chosen for this study because most of their seed transport is by migratory birds, and because fleshy-fruited plants are an important part of the woody-plant community in Europe.”选择肉质果实植物进行这项研究，因为它们的种子大部分是由候鸟运输的，而且肉质果实植物是欧洲木本植物群落的重要组成部分，可知，该研究选择将肉质果实植物作为研究对象主要是因为是它们的种子是由候鸟运输的。故选C。
7．考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"Gonzáiez-Vary and colleagues report how plants might be able to keep pace with rapid climate change with the help of migratory birds.”Gonzáiez-Vary和他的同事报告了植物如何在候鸟的帮助下能够跟上快速的气候变化，提到植物在候鸟的帮助下跟上快速的气候变化；以及“The authors analysed the fruiting times of plants, patterns of bird migration and the interactions between fruit-eating birds and fleshy-fruited plants across Europe.”作者分析了欧洲各地植物的结果期、鸟类迁徙的模式以及以水果为食的鸟类和肉质果实植物之间的相互作用。可知，本段提到“肉质果实”和“结果期”是为了找出植物的果实与候鸟迁徙之间的联系，这样候鸟迁徙才能帮助植物果实传播，从而跟上气候变化。故选A。
8．考查主旨大意。根据第三段中的"Gonzáiez-Vary and colleagues report how plants might be able to keep pace with rapid climate change with the help of migratory birds.”Gonzáiez-Vary和他的同事报告了植物如何在候鸟的帮助下能够跟上快速的气候变化，可知，本文主要介绍了植物是如何适应气候变化的。故选C。
（2022高三上·温州月考）阅读理解
Around the globe far more
bird species are losing ground than gaining, according to an expansive review
of a half-century of bird population research published in the journal Annual
Review of Environment and Resources in May.
The review, entitled The State
of the World's Birds, showed that more than 5,200 different species of
birds-just shy of half the world's total-are known or suspected to be
declining. Around 3,800 species are relatively stable, and fewer than 700
species show increases. Among birds on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,
almost 400 birds worldwide have had their conservation status changed for the
worse in the past three decades (moving from vulnerable to threatened, or
threatened to endangered) — five times more than the
number of bird species with an IUCN status that has changed for the better.
"After documenting the
loss of nearly 3 billion birds in North America alone (according to a 2019
study published in the journal Science), it was disturbing to see the same
patterns of population declines and extinction occurring globally," says
review coauthor Ken Rosenberg, a conservation scientist now retired from the
Cormell Lab of Omithology.
The review points to
disappearing and degraded habitat-resulting from climate change, urbanization,
agricultural intensification, and international trade-as the leading driver of
bird declines worldwide. In a note of hope, the authors cite a 2020 study
indicating that restoring just 5% of habitat in priority areas around the world
could avert 60% of likely
extinctions.
Lead author Alexander Lees,
a research associate at the Cormell Lab, also points to the need for
substantial changes in human behavior to prevent further losses. "Loss and
degradation of habitat is often driven by demand for resources," says
Lees. "We need to better consider how commodity flows such as beef, oil,
and seed crops can contribute to biodiversity loss and try to reduce the human
footprint on the natural world."
9．In what order are threatened species arranged on the IUCN's Red List
A．Species quantity. B．Living habitat.
C．Declining rate. D．Conservation status.
10．How does Ken Rosenberg feel when saying the words
A．Hopeful. B．Relieved. C．Doubtful. D．Concerned.
11．What does the underlined "avert" mean in paragraph 4
A．Prevent. B．Increase. C．Cause. D．Face.
12．What is the last paragraph mainly about
A．Extra reasons for bird extinction.
B．Possible solutions to habitat loss.
C．Substantial changes in human behavior.
D．The prospect of biodiversity loss.
【答案】9．D
10．D
11．A
12．B
【知识点】主旨大意题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了今年5月发表在《环境与资源年度评论》杂志上的一篇对半个世纪鸟类种群研究的综述称，在全球范围内，失去的鸟类物种远远多于增加的鸟类物种。这篇题为《世界鸟类状况》的综述显示，超过5200种不同的鸟类——略少于世界鸟类总数的一半——已知或怀疑正在减少。文章主要对鸟类保护展开了说明。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
9．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"Among birds on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, almost 400 birds worldwide have had their conservation status changed for the worse in the past three decades (moving from vulnerable to threatened, or threatened to endangered) — five times more than the number of bird species with an IUCN status that has changed for the better.”在世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录上的鸟类中，全球有近400种鸟类的保护状况在过去30年里发生了恶化（从易危到受威胁，或从受威胁到濒危——这是国际自然保护联盟保护状况好转的鸟类数量的5倍多。可知，世界自然保护联盟红色名录上的濒危物种是按保护状况排列的。故选D。
10．考查细节理解。根据第三段"‘After documenting the loss of nearly 3 billion birds in North America alone (according to a 2019 study published in the journal Science), it was disturbing to see the same patterns of population declines and extinction occurring globally，’ says review coauthor Ken Rosenberg, a conservation scientist now retired from the Cormell Lab of Omithology.”"根据2019年发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究，仅在记录了北美地区近30亿只鸟类的损失后，看到同样的数量下降和灭绝模式在全球发生，令人不安"该综述的合著者、现已从科梅尔鸟类学实验室退休的保护科学家肯·罗森伯格说。可知，肯·罗森伯格说这句话感到担忧。故选D。
11．考查词义猜测。根据第四段中的"In a note of hope, the authors cite a 2020 study indicating that restoring just 5% of habitat in priority areas around the world could"；以及"60% of likely extinctions"可知，在一份充满希望的报告中，作者引用了2020年的一项研究，该研究表明，只要恢复世界各地重点地区5%的栖息地，就可以阻止60%的可能灭绝。可推知 avert 意思是"阻止"。故选A。
12．考查主旨大意。根据最后一段"Lead author Alexander Lees, a research associate at the Cormell Lab, also points to the need for substantial changes in human behavior to prevent further losses.‘Loss and degradation of habitat is often driven by demand for resources，'says Lees. "We need to better consider how commodity flows such as beef, oil, and seed crops can contribute to biodiversity loss and try to reduce the human footprint on the natural world."该研究的主要作者、科梅尔实验室的助理研究员亚历山大·李斯还指出，为了防止进一步的损失，人类行为需要发生实质性的改变。"栖息地的丧失和退化往往是由对资源的需求引起的，"李斯说。"我们需要更好地考虑牛肉、石油和种子作物等商品流动是如何导致生物多样性丧失的，并努力减少人类对自然界的足迹。”可知，最后一段主要讲的是栖息地丧失的可能解决办法。故选B。
（2022高三上·山东期中）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Migratory (迁徙的) birds are declining globally because of the way that humans have
changed the landscape over recent decades — according to new research from the
University of East Anglia (UEA).
A new study
published today reveals that population declines have been greatest among
species that migrate to areas with more human infrastructure — roads,
buildings, power lines, wind turbines (涡轮机) — as well as
more population and hunting levels.
Dr. James Gilroy,
from UEA's School of Environmental Sciences, said, "We know that migratory
birds are in greater decline than non-migratory species, but it's not clear
why. We want to find out where in their life cycles these migratory species are
most exposed to human impacts."
The research team
identified 16 human-induced threats to migratory birds, including
infrastructure associated with bird disturbance and impacts, transformation of
land from natural habitat to human land use, and climate change. Advances in
satellite imagery allowed the team to map each of the 16 threats across Europe,
Africa and Western Asia. The team also created the first ever large-scale map
of hunting pressure across the region. A total of 103 species of migrating
birds were studied, including many rapidly declining species like the turtle
dove and the common cuckoo, using large-scale datasets. The team calculated
threat scores for factors such as habitat loss and climate change, across
breeding locations, as well as non-breeding ranges. They then explored the
relationships between these threat scores and bird population trends calculated
from 1985 to 2018 by the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme (PECBMS).
Dr. Aldina
Franco, also from UEA's School of Environmental Sciences, said, "Our
findings are important because we need to understand where declining species
are being most impacted by humans across their seasonal migrations. Locating
where birds are most exposed to these threats could help us target conservation
actions."
13．What causes migratory birds to decrease
A．A longer migratory route. B．Serious industrial pollution.
C．Illegal hunting from humans. D．The changing of landscape.
14．What does the underlined word "infrastructure" in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Basic systems and services. B．Local transportation.
C．Internet facilities. D．Power supplies.
15．What does paragraph 4 talk about
A．The results of the study. B．The promise of the study.
C．The process of the study. D．The database of the study.
16．What is the purpose of studying migratory birds according to Dr. Aldina Franco
A．To raise people's awareness of protecting birds.
B．To offer advice to do conservation work precisely.
C．To stress the necessity of increasing bird population.
D．To state the importance of living in harmony with nature.
【答案】13．D
14．A
15．C
16．B
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；段落大意题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了迁徙鸟类数量下降的原因与人类活动有关，研究指出了迁徙鸟类受到的种种威胁，目的是提醒人们如何保护迁徙鸟类。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和段落大意四个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
13．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Migratory (迁徙的) birds are declining globally because of the way that humans have changed the landscape over recent decades”由于近几十年来人类改变了地貌，候鸟数量在全球范围内正在减少。可知，人类活动使得地貌在过去几十年里发生改变，导致迁徙鸟类数量减少。故选D。
14．考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的“roads, buildings, power lines, wind turbines (涡轮机) ”道路，建筑物，输电线，风力涡轮机，可推知，划线单词infrastructure指一些基础设施及服务，与“基本系统和服务”意思一样。故选A。
15．考查段落大意。根据第四段“The research team identified 16 human-induced threats to migratory birds, including infrastructure associated with bird disturbance and impacts, transformation of land from natural habitat to human land use, and climate change. Advances in satellite imagery allowed the team to map each of the 16 threats across Europe, Africa and Western Asia. The team also created the first ever large-scale map of hunting pressure across the region. A total of 103 species of migrating birds were studied, including many rapidly declining species like the turtle dove and the common cuckoo, using large-scale datasets. The team calculated threat scores for factors such as habitat loss and climate change, across breeding locations, as well as non-breeding ranges. They then explored the relationships between these threat scores and bird population trends calculated from 1985 to 2018 by the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme (PECBMS).”研究小组确定了16种人为因素对候鸟造成的威胁，包括与鸟类干扰和影响有关的基础设施、土地从自然栖息地转变为人类土地使用以及气候变化。在卫星地图方面的进步使得研究小组能够绘制出欧洲、非洲和西亚的16种威胁。研究小组还绘制了该地区有史以来第一张大比例尺的狩猎压力地图。利用大规模数据集对103种迁徙鸟类进行了研究，其中包括许多迅速衰退的物种，如斑鸠和杜鹃。研究小组计算了各种因素的威胁分数，如栖息地丧失和气候变化，不同的繁殖地点，以及非繁殖范围。然后，他们通过泛欧共同鸟类监测计划计算了1985年至2018年间的鸟类数量趋势，探讨了这些威胁评分与鸟类数量趋势之间的关系。可推知，第四段谈论的是该项研究的过程。故选C。
16．考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“Locating where birds are most exposed to these threats could help us target conservation actions.”找到鸟类最容易受到这些威胁的地方可以帮助我们锁定保护行动的目标。可推知，这项研究可以帮助研究者们精准地采取措施，保护迁徙鸟类。故选B。
（2022·辽宁模拟）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项 （A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
The Amazon rainforest, is as undisturbed a place as most people can imagine, but even there, the effects of a changing climate are playing out. Now, research suggests that many of the region's most sensitive bird species are starting to evolve in response to warming.
Birds are often considered sentinel（哨兵）species-meaning that they indicate the overall health of an ecosystem-so scientists are particularly interested in how they're responding to climate change. In general, the news has not been good. For instance, a 2019 report by the National Audubon Society found that more than two-thirds of North America's bird species will be in danger of extinction by 2100 if warming trends continue on their current course.
For the new study, researchers collected the biggest dataset so far on the Amazon's resident birds, representing 77 non-migratory species and lasting the 40 years from 1979 to 2019. During the study period, the average temperature in the region rose, while the amount of rainfall declined, making for a hotter, dryer climate overall. According to the report on November 12 in the journal Science Advances, 36 species have lost substantial weight, as much as 2 percent of their body weight per decade since 1980. Meanwhile, all the species showed some decrease in average body mass, while a third grew longer wings.
Because of the study's long time series and large sample sizes, the authors were able to show the morphological（形态学的）effects of climate change on resident birds. However, the researchers themselves are unsure and wonder what advantage the wing length changes give the birds, but suppose smaller birds may have an easier time keeping cool. In general, smaller animals have a larger rate of surface area to body size, so they dissipate more heat faster than a bigger animal. Less available food, such as fruit or insects, in dryer weather might lead to smaller body size.
17．Why are scientists fond of doing research on birds
A．They have small body sizes.
B．They are sensitive to hot weather.
C．They live in an undisturbed rainforest.
D．They are ecological balance indicators.
18．What can we learn from the new study
A．A third of species have been extinct for a decade.
B．36 species lost 2% of their body weight every year.
C．Two-thirds of species showed a considerable decrease in weight.
D．About 26 species responded to climate change with longer wings.
19．What does the underlined word "dissipate" in the last paragraph mean
A．Put off. B．Give off. C．Put away. D．Give away.
20．What would probably the researchers further study
A．Why it is easier for smaller animals to keep cool.
B．What effects the wing length changes have on birds.
C．Why the Amazonian birds have lost substantial weight.
D．Whether bird species in North America will be extinct in 2100.
【答案】17．D
18．D
19．B
20．B
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了气候变化对鸟的影响。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
17．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Birds are often considered sentinel（哨兵）species-meaning that they indicate the overall health of an ecosystem-so scientists are particularly interested in how they're responding to climate change.”鸟常被认为是物种的哨兵，指的是它们能暗示生态系统的整体健康，因此科学家关注它们对气候变化的反应。可知，科学家喜欢研究鸟是因为鸟是生态系统平衡的暗示者。故选D。
18．考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“representing 77 non-migratory species”在研究的77种不迁移的鸟类中；以及“while a third grew longer wings. ”1/3的鸟长着较长的翅膀，可知，大约26种鸟类长着较长的翅膀来应对气候变化。故选D。
19．考查词义猜测。根据最后一段中的“smaller birds may have an easier time keeping cool. In general, smaller animals have a larger rate of surface area to body size ”较小的鸟可能很快就会凉下来。总体来讲，相对于身体尺寸而言，较小动物的表面积较大。可知较小动物的表面积相对于自身整体而言较大，因此散发热量就容易，dissipate的意思是“散发”，故选B。
20．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“However, the researchers themselves are unsure and wonder what advantage the wing length changes give the birds, ”然而，研究者自己也不确信，对鸟的翅膀长度变化对鸟有什么好处感到困惑。可知，研究者将进一步研究鸟的翅膀长度变化对鸟有什么影响。故选B。
21．（2019高三上·汉中月考）阅读理解
Feeding birds is a popular way to watch
wildlife. But experts say it might put wild birds at risk.
Feeding birds is not necessary
for their survival except in extreme weather conditions. Feeders(喂食器)can
definitely help birds get through that kind of weather. But most birds eat
insects and show little interest in bird feeders. For those birds, we can grow
native plants in a natural environment. Birds which are fond of eating seeds
will be more likely to come to feeders if there is some cover nearby. This lets
them feed and then fly to protective areas, such as in trees.
The most common mistake people
make with their bird feeders is that they put feeders in places where birds are
easily frightened by passers-by, risk being hurt by cats, or risk flying into
windows.
So set up a bird feeder at
least one meter away from a window. That way, if a bird gets frightened, it
won't get killed when it hits the glass. Owners of cats should keep them inside
home so they can't hurt the birds.
Some birds are more aggressive
at feeders. They eat a lot and do not leave much food for other birds. A
solution is to put the food in more than one place by using different kinds of
seeds or fruits. This can also increase the number and diversity of birds in
your neighborhood. But don't feed wild birds anything salty, like potato chips,
or food that could choke them, like bread.
Pay attention to food quality
and freshness. Unprotected food left too long in feeders will turn moldy(发霉),
which can kill wildlife.
Another word of advice: Always
provide a supply of clean water for birds, but use care when looking for the
right birdbath. If the birdbaths are too deep for birds, putting a few large
stones in the water can give the birds a place to sit.
（1）What's the most common mistake about feeding birds
A．Putting feeders in improper places.
B．Providing food in inappropriate time.
C．Leaving feeders unprotected.
D．Supplying dirty and deep water.
（2）Which of the following may not be suitable for feeding birds
A．Seeds. B．Bread. C．Fruit. D．Insects.
（3）The author advises helping more birds by .
A．increasing the number of feeders
B．cleaning the birds with clean water
C．putting more large stones in the feeders
D．keeping aggressive birds away from the feeders
（4）What is the text mainly about
A．Problems with bird feeding.
B．Where to place bird feeders.
C．Popular ways of protecting wild birds.
D．How to feed wild birds safely and healthily.
【答案】（1）A
（2）B
（3）A
（4）D
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文, 人们在喂鸟的时候无意中会给鸟儿带来危险, 作者解释了这些危险并提出了安全喂鸟的建议。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第三段"The most common mistake people make with their bird feeders is that they put feeders in places where birds are easily frightened by passers-by, risk being hurt by cats, or risk flying into windows. "可知人们在喂鸟的时候, 最常见的错误是把喂鸟器放在错误的地方, 这样给鸟儿带来了很多危险。故选A。
（2）考查细节理解。根据倒数第三段中的"But don't feed wild birds anything salty, like potato chips, or food that could choke them, like bread. "可知作者建议人们不要喂给鸟儿薯条和面包, 因为这些食物不适合喂鸟。故选B。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的"A solution is to put the food in more than one place by using different kinds of seeds or fruits. "可知作者建议我们把食物放在多个地方, 并提供不同种类的食物。这样做, 自然是要增加喂鸟器的数量。故选A。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据第一段"Feeding birds is a popular way to watch wildlife. But experts say it might put wild birds at risk. "可知本文主要讲述的是喂鸟会给鸟儿带来一定的危险；第三段介绍了具体的危险, 后四段里提出具体的安全喂鸟的建议。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
（2022高三上·邻水月考）阅读下列短文, 从每小题所给的A,B,C,D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Animals
can move from place to place, but plants cannot. When an animal is under attack,
it can run away or fight back. Plants certainly cannot run away, and they lack
teeth and claws. But plants can defend themselves by using both physical and
chemical means.
Some
plants have their own ways to keep animals away. For example, the leaves of the
holly plant have sharp spines(刺)that discourage
grass eating animals. Holly leaves on lower branches have more spines than
leaves on upper branches. This is because the lower leaves are easier for most
animals to reach.
Some plants, such as the oak tree, have thick and hard
leaves that are difficult for animals to eat. Some grasses may contain a sandy
material；eating such grasses wears down the
animal's teeth.
Many
plants also have chemical defenses, some plants produce chemicals that taste
bitter or cause an unpleasant reaction. Some plants may fight against an attack
by increasing the production of these chemicals. When a caterpillar(毛虫)bites a tobacco leaf, the leaf produces a chemical messenger. This
messenger sends to the roots the information to produce more nicotine. The
higher levels of nicotine discourage the caterpillar.
Many plants depend on both physical and chemical defenses.
A certain plant in China, for instance, has prickly(多刺的)leaves, and each prickle contains
poisonous venom(毒液)．A single
experience with this kind of plant will teach an animal to stay away from it in
the future.
22．The holly plant has more spines on the lower leaves because most animals ________.
A．are not tall enough B．like the lower leaves only
C．are not clever enough D．can get the lower leaves easily
23．To defend themselves, oak trees use ________.
A．chemical means B．physical means
C．bitter chemicals D．sandy materials
24．How does tobacco protect itself against an attack from a caterpillar
A．Its leaves fight against the attack by physical means.
B．Its roots send a messenger to discourage the caterpillar.
C．Its roots increase the production of nicotine when it is attacked.
D．Its leaves produce poisonous sand to drive the caterpillar away.
25．What would be the best title for this passage
A．Plants and Animals B．How Plants Defend Themselves
C．Attacks and Defenses D．How Animals Eat Plant Leaves
【答案】22．D
23．B
24．C
25．B
【知识点】主旨大意题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了不能移动的植物是如何保护自己的，有些植物采取了物理学上的方法，有些采取了化学上的方法，让自己免受有关动物的伤害，保护自己。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，要是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
22．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“For example, the leaves of the holly plant have sharp spines (刺) that discourage grass-eating animals. Holly leaves on lower branches have more spines than leaves on upper branches. This is because the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach.”例如，冬青植物的叶子有尖锐的刺，阻止食草动物。冬青树下部的叶子比上部的叶子有更多的刺。这是因为下部的叶子对大多数动物来说更容易够到。可知，冬青植物下部的叶子上有更多的刺，因为大多数动物可以很容易地得到下部的叶子。故选D。
23．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Some plants, such as the oak tree, have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat.”一些植物，如橡树，有让动物吃起来困难的厚而硬的叶子，可知，橡树使用的是物理上的方法，让个树叶更硬跟难吃。故选B。
24．考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“When a caterpillar (毛虫) bites a tobacco leaf, the leaf produces a chemical messenger. This messenger sends to the roots the information to produce more nicotine.”当毛虫咬烟叶时，烟叶会产生一种化学信使。这个信使向根发送信息以产生更多的尼古丁。可知，烟草通过它的根来保护自己免受毛虫的攻击，当它受到攻击时，增加尼古丁的产生。故选C。
25．考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“Plants certainly cannot run away, and they lack teeth and claws. But plants can defend themselves by using both physical and chemical means.”植物当然跑不掉，它们没有牙齿和爪子。但是植物可以通过物理和化学手段来保护自己；及下文举例可知，文章主要介绍了不能移动的植物是如何保护自己的。“植物如何保护自己”适合作本文最佳标题。故选B。
（2022高三上·唐县模拟）阅读理解
Dogs Trained to Find Endangered Animals
Many dogs are very hard - working animals. They have been helping people for thousands of years. Dogs protect our homes. They help people with disabilities. They team up with rescue workers in search -and - rescue operations. And now, dogs can add another job to their resumes—finding endangered animals! The official title for this kind of work is conservation detection dog.
Luke Edwards is a dog owner and trainer. He is training two border collies (边境牧羊犬), named Rubble and Uda, to become conservation detection dogs.
He says that border collies are good for this kind of work because they have a great, sense of smell. The dogs also have great stamina—the mental and physical strength to work long hours.
Recently, the dogs went on their most difficult job yet - finding the Baw Baw frog. This frog is one of Australia's most endangered animals.
The work is difficult mainly because of the search area. Just to get to the place where the frogs live. the dogs and their trainers must walk far distances through alpine (高山) forests. It is difficult but important work.
A deadly fungus (真菌) has killed nearly all of Australia's Baw Baw frogs. In fact, scientists say these creatures could disappear in the next five to ten years.
Zoos Victoria is a group set up to protect wildlife. Conservation experts there claim that since 1980 the deadly fungus has killed off 98 percent of the Baw Baw frogs.
So. Zoos Victoria is trying to save the frogs. Experts there raise them and have them reproduce. They call it their captive breeding program.
26．What's the main idea of Paragraph 1
A．Many people like dogs.
B．Dogs are very friendly to people.
C．Some dogs are trained to help blind people and deaf people.
D．Dogs have acted as a new role.
27．What does the underlined word "stamina" in Paragraph 3 mean
A．Toughness. B．Difference C．Description. D．Explanation
28．The main reason why finding the Baw Baw frog is difficult is that______.
A．the distance is far away and the site is dangerous
B．frogs don't make a call
C．there is deadly fungus
D．they mainly live underground
29．Where does this text come from
A．A geography book. B．Science fiction.
C．Children's literature. D．A book on animals.
【答案】26．D
27．A
28．A
29．D
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；段落大意题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了狗的新工作——保护探测犬，被训练去寻找濒危动物以及救助超声波蛙所遇到的困难，由于汪汪蛙的生长地方路途遥远，且受到一种真菌的危害，处于濒临灭绝的境地。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和段落大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
26．考查段落大意。根据第一段中的“And now, dogs can add another job to their resumes—finding endangered animals! The official title for this kind of work is conservation detection dog. ”现在，狗的简历上又多了一项工作——寻找濒危动物!这种工作的官方名称是保护探测犬。可知，第一段主要说了以前的时候狗狗的工作种类，以及现在他们可以做的新的工作。故选D。
27．考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的“The dogs also have great stamina—the mental and physical strength to work long hours .”狗也有很强的stamina——长时间工作的脑力和体力。可知，能长时间工作指的是毅力和耐力，划线词与toughness“韧性”意思相近。故选A。
28．考查细节理解。根据第五段“The work is difficult mainly because of the search area. Just to get to the place where the frogs live. the dogs and their trainers must walk far distances through alpine(高山)forests . It is difficult but important work.”这项工作的困难主要在于搜索区域。只是为了去青蛙生活的地方。这些狗和它们的训练员必须在高山森林中走很远的距离。这是一项困难但重要的工作。可知，找到超声波蛙的困难之处是因为路途遥远且危险。故选A。
29．考查推理判断。根据标题“Dogs Trained to Find Endangered Animals”被训练去寻找濒危动物的狗；以及下文内容可知，本文通篇都在说狗的新工作,被训练去寻找濒危动物，并讲述了狗救助超声波蛙的困难以及这种青蛙濒临灭绝的境地，因此判断这是一篇关于动物的文章，来自关于动物的书籍。故选D。
（2021·杭州模拟）阅读理解
Bananas and apples continue to ripen after being picked. Cherries
and grapes do not. The difference between climacteric (后熟的) and non-climacteric fruits matters to fruit growers and
greengrocers, who must ensures their products are in excellent condition when
arriving at the marketplace. But how those differences originally came about
remains unclear.
In a paper in Biology Letters, Fukano Yuya and Tachiki Yuuya of
the University of Tokyo offer a suggestion. Fruits, they observe, exist to
solve a problem faced by all plants - how best to spread their progeny around.
Wrapping their seeds in a sugary flesh, to provide a tasty meal, serves as a
way to got animals to do this for them. They do, however, need to ensure their
fruits favour the animals most likely to do the distributing. They propose that
climacterism or non-climacterism is a way to achieve this. If ground-living
animals are the main distributors, then the continuing ripening of fallen fruit
is beneficial. If, by contrast, those distributors are tree-living or flying
animals, which can feed on unfallen fruit, then non-climacteric fruits will do
well.
To test their idea, the two researchers combed through 276 papers
about 80 sorts of fruits. They discovered 35 of these fruits were eaten by both
groups of animals. But of those where one group or the other were the dominant
consumers, 15 of the 19 eaten mainly by ground-living animals were climacteric.
Their assumption is strengthened by other evidence. They point out
non-climacteric fruits tend to have vivid colors which may help them stand out
amid the leaves, advertising their presence. Climacteric fruits are generally
better hidden, making them harder to spot until they have fallen to the ground.
30．What did the two researchers try to find out through their study
A．What enables fruits to stay in perfect condition.
B．How some fruits stand out in the trees, but others fail.
C．How many animals play the role of distributors for fruits.
D．Why some fruits stop ripening when picked, and others don't.
31．What does the underlined word "progeny" in the second paragraph mean
A．Later generations. B．Hidden qualities.
C．Fresh fragrance. D．Unknown disease.
32．What do we know about non-climacteric fruits
A．Bananas definitely fall into the category.
B．They may appeal to flying birds.
C．They tend to remain hidden among leaves.
D．Ground-living animals generally feed on them.
33．What's the best title of this text
A．The Condition of Products: What Greengrocers Care.
B．The Reproduction of Plants: Depending on Themselves.
C．The Evolution of Fruit: Finding the Right Distributors.
D．The Choice of Animals: Looking for bright-colored fruits.
【答案】30．D
31．A
32．B
33．C
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；词义猜测题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了水果进化过程中如何寻找到合适的传播者来传播它们的后代。
【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
30．考查推理判断。根据第一段"Bananas and apples continue to ripen after being picked. Cherries and grapes do not. The difference between climacteric (后熟的) and non-climacteric fruits matters to fruit growers and greengrocers, who must ensures their products are in excellent condition when arriving at the marketplace. But how those differences originally came about remains unclear.”香蕉和苹果在采摘后继续成熟。樱桃和葡萄则不然。成熟期水果和非成熟期水果之间的区别对水果种植者和蔬菜水果商来说很重要，他们必须确保他们的产品在到达市场时处于良好的状态。但这些分歧最初是如何产生的仍不清楚；以及第二段中的"In a paper in Biology Letters, Fukano Yuya and Tachiki Yuuya of the University of Tokyo offer a suggestion.”在《生物学快报》上发表的一篇论文中，东京大学的深野祐也(Fukano Yuya)和立木祐也(Tachiki Yuuya)提出了一个建议。可知，两位研究人员试图通过研究找出为什么有些水果采摘后会停止成熟，而另一些则不会。故选D。
31．考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的"Wrapping their seeds in a sugary flesh, to provide a tasty meal, serves as a way to got animals to do this for them.”将种子包裹在含糖的果肉中，作为一顿美味的晚餐，这是一种让动物为它们做这些的方法。可知，他们观察到，果实的存在是为了解决所有植物都面临的一个问题——如何最好地传播它们的后代。progeny意为"后代"。故选A。
32．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"They point out non-climacteric fruits tend to have vivid colors which may help them stand out amid the leaves, advertising their presence.”他们指出，处于非成熟期的水果往往有鲜艳的颜色，这可能有助于它们在叶子中脱颖而出，宣传自己的存在。可知，非成熟期的水果可能对飞禽有吸引力。故选B。
33．考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的"But how those differences originally came about remains unclear.”但这些分歧最初是如何产生的仍不清楚；以及第二段中的"In a paper in Biology Letters, Fukano Yuya and Tachiki Yuuya of the University of Tokyo offer a suggestion. Fruits, they observe, exist to solve a problem faced by all plants - how best to spread their progeny around.”在《生物学快报》上发表的一篇论文中，东京大学的深野祐也(Fukano Yuya)和立木祐也(Tachiki Yuuya)提出了一个建议。他们观察到，果实的存在是为了解决所有植物都面临的一个问题——如何最好地传播它们的后代。可知，文章主要讲述了水果的进化过程中如何选择合适的传播者。故选C。
（2021高三上·榆树月考）阅读理解
The blue whale is
the largest animal that has ever lived. It can reach 30 meters long and weigh as
much as 181,000 kilograms. The animal's heart alone weighs more than a fully grown
cow. For the first time ever, scientists have recorded its heart rate.
Stanford University
ocean biologist Jeremy Goldbogen led the study of the blue whaled heart rate. To
get this reading, the researchers attached an electrocardiogram device(心电图设备) to the body of a blue whale. They recorded
nine hours of information on a 22-meter-long male from the Pacific Ocean off the
coast of California. The data did not come easily.
"First, we have
to find a blue whale, which can be very arduous," Goldbogen said, because
these animals live across massive areas of the open ocean. But, with years of research
experience and some luck, he explained, the team was able to position a small boat
along the whalers left side.
Then, the researchers
connected a special recording device to a very long pole. As the whale surfaced
to breathe, they quickly put the device as near to the animal's heart as possible.
The small device had four suction cups(吸盘) on it, permitting it to remain on the whale for several hours.
They found out that
when the blue whale dived for food, its heart rate dropped to between 4 to 8 beats
per minute—with the lowest being two beats per minute. At the bottom of the hunting
dive, the whale's heart rate rose to about 2. 5 times the minimum and then decreased
again. Once the whale got its fill and began to surface, the heart rate increased.
The highest heart rate — 25 to 37 beats per minute — occurred after the whale came
out of the water for air. The findings are different from what scientists have already
known — larger animals have slower heart rates. Therefore, they believe that such
research helps scientists understand how huge animals operate.
34．What does the underlined word "arduous" in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Urgent. B．Important. C．Difficult. D．Impractical.
35．What are the suction cups used to do
A．Place the boat beside the whale.
B．Connect the device with the whale.
C．Record the heart rate of the whale.
D．Confirm the position of the whale.
36．When can the blue whale's heart rate reach the highest
A．When it is diving for food.
B．When it is consuming food underwater.
C．When it begins to come out.
D．When it breathes on the surface of water.
37．Where is the text most likely from
A．A research plan. B．A science report.
C．A biology textbook. D．A health magazine.
【答案】34．C
35．B
36．D
37．B
【知识点】主旨大意题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一项科学发现，科学家第一次测得蓝鲸的心率。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
34．考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的"because these animals live across massive areas of the open ocean. But, with years of research experience and some luck, he explained, the team was able to position a small boat along the whalers left side."因为这些动物生活在广阔的开阔海域。 但是，凭借多年的研究经验和一些运气，他解释说，该团队能够沿着捕鲸者的左侧放置一艘小船。 可知,画线词所在句应是说找到一头蓝漾可能是非常困难的。arduous的含义应是"艰难的，费力的"，与difficult的含义相似，故选C。
35．考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“The small device had four suction cups(吸盘) on it, permitting it to remain on the whale for several hours.”这个小设备上有四个吸盘，使得它可以留在漾鱼身上几个小时。可知，这些吸盘是用来将心电图设备和蓝鲸连接起来的，故选B。
36．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的" The highest heart rate — 25 to 37 beats per minute — occurred after the whale came out of the water for air.“最高的心率——每分钟 25 到 37 次——发生在鲸鱼从水中出来呼吸空气之后。 可知，科学家们记录到的最高心率出现在蓝鲸浮出水面呼吸时，故选D。
37．考查推理判断。纵观全文可知，本文主要介绍的是一项科学发现，即科学家第一次测得蓝鲸的心率。可推断本文应出自科学报告，故选B。